Rensch-Pakistan_Hindko_&_Gujari_1992.pdf

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Hindko and Gujari. c
SOCIOLINGUISTIC SURVEY OF
NORTHERN PAKISTAN
VOLUME 3
HINDKO AND GUJARI
Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan
Volume 1 Languages of Kohistan
Volume 2 Languages of Northern Areas
Volume 3 Hindko and Gujari
Volume 4 Pashto, Waneci, Ormuri
Volume 5 Languages of Chitral
Series Editor
Clare F. O’Leary, Ph.D.
Sociolinguistic Survey
of
Northern Pakistan
Volume 3
Hindko
and
Gujari
Calvin R. Rensch
Calinda E. Hallberg
Clare F. O’Leary
National Institute of
Pakistani Studies
Quaid-i-Azam University
Summer Institute
of
Linguistics
676975159.001.png 676975159.002.png
Copyright © 1992 NIPS and SIL
Published by National Institute of Pakistan Studies,
Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
and
Summer Institute of Linguistics, West Eurasia Office
Horsleys Green, High Wycombe, BUCKS
HP14 3XL United Kingdom
First published 1992
Reprinted 2003
ISBN 969-8023-13-5
Price, this volume: Rs.300/-
Price, 5-volume set: Rs.1500/-
To obtain copies of these volumes within Pakistan, contact:
National Institute of Pakistan Studies
Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
Phone: 92-51-2230791
Fax: 92-51-2230960
To obtain copies of these volumes outside of Pakistan, contact:
International Academic Bookstore
7500 West Camp Wisdom Road
Dallas, TX 75236, USA
Phone: 1-972-708-7404
Fax: 1-972-708-7433
Internet: http://www.sil.org
Email: academic_books@sil.org
R EFORMATTING FOR REPRINT BY R. C ANDLIN .
CONTENTS
Preface............................................................................................................. vii
Maps................................................................................................................. ix
Introduction — Clare F. O’Leary ................................................................. xiii
Acknowledgments ......................................................................................... xix
The Language Environment of Hindko-Speaking People
— Calvin R. Rensch .................................................................................... 3
1. Setting.................................................................................................. 3
1.1 Geographic and Linguistic Setting of Hindko .............................. 3
1.2 Genetic Relationships of the Hindko Dialects .............................. 9
1.3 Ethnic Affiliations of Hindko Speakers...................................... 10
1.4 Social Features of Hindko-Speaking Communities .................... 11
2. Language Use in the Hindko-Speaking Area..................................... 23
2.1 Language Use in Jammun .......................................................... 23
2.2 Language Use in Singo Di Garhi................................................ 27
2.3 Language Use in Sherpur ........................................................... 30
2.4 Language Use in Balakot............................................................ 33
2.5 Language Use in Wad Pagga...................................................... 36
3. Bilingual Proficiency of Hindko Speakers......................................... 39
3.1 Tests of Bilingual Proficiency .................................................... 39
3.2 Urdu Bilingualism Testing in Singo Di Garhi ............................ 40
3.3 Urdu Bilingualism Testing in Jammun....................................... 44
3.4 Bilingualism Testing in Sherpur................................................. 45
3.5 Panjabi Bilingualism Testing...................................................... 50
4. Dialects of Hindko ............................................................................. 53
4.1 Lexical Similarity ....................................................................... 53
4.2 Comprehension of Oral Speech .................................................. 58
4.3 Comparison of Lexical Similarity and Dialect Intelligibility
Results ...................................................................................... 62
5. Attitudes of Hindko Speakers Toward Other Languages and
Dialects..................................................................................... 63
5.1 Language Preference .................................................................. 63
5.2 Attitudes Toward Specific Languages........................................ 66
5.3 Attitudes Toward Other Hindko Dialects ................................... 74
5.4 The Vitality of Hindko ............................................................... 77
6. Summary and Recommendations ...................................................... 79
6.1 Use of Multiple Languages ........................................................ 79
6.2 Measuring Bilingual Proficiency................................................ 83
6.3 Hindko Dialects.......................................................................... 85
6.4 Attitudes Toward Hindko and Other Languages ........................ 85
6.5 Directions for Future Research................................................... 87
Dialect Variation and Multilingualism among Gujars of Pakistan
— Calinda E. Hallberg and Clare F. O’Leary ......................................... 91
1. Introduction ...................................................................................... 91
1.1 Scope of the Study...................................................................... 91

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