Basic Physics of Nuclear Medicine - K. Maher (Wiibooks, 2006) WW.pdf

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B ASIC
P HYSICS
HYSICS OF
N UCLEAR
M EDICINE
ASIC P
OF N
UCLEAR M
EDICINE
By Kieran Maher and other Wikibooks contributors.
the open-content textbooks collection
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© Copyright 2004–2006, Wikibooks contributors. This book is published by Wikibooks contributors.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free
Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no
Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the
section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".
Image licenses are listed in the section entitled "Image Credits."
Authors: KieranMaher, Anonymous, The Doc, Paul Lynch, Derbeth, Jguk, Hagindaz, Yes, Willy on Wheels
bought a Macbook, enjoy Willy OS X!, Wereon
Cover : Scheme of an atom, designed by Miraceti , and licensed under the GFDL.
The current version of this Wikibook may be found at:
Contents
I NTRODUCTION . .......................................................................................................................3
E XTERNAL L INKS . ...................................................................................................................3
C HAPTERS ..............................................................................................................................4
01. Atomic & Nuclear Structure . ...........................................................................................................4
02. Radioactive Decay . ........................................................................................................................11
03. The Radioactive Decay Law . ........................................................................................................ 20
04. Units of Radiation Measurement . ..................................................................................................32
05. Interaction of Radiation with Matter . ............................................................................................37
06. Attenuation of Gamma-Rays . ........................................................................................................42
07. Gas-Filled Radiation Detectors . ....................................................................................................55
08. Scintillation Detectors . ..................................................................................................................63
09. Nuclear Medicine Imaging Systems . .............................................................................................75
10. Production of Radioisotopes . ........................................................................................................ 90
C HAPTER R EVIEW . ................................................................................................................94
A BOUT THE BOOK ............................................................................................................... 101
History & Document Notes . ..............................................................................................................101
Authors, Bibliography, & Image Credits . ......................................................................................... 102
GNU Free Documentation License . ..................................................................................................103
Introduction
Nuclear Medicine is a fascinating application of nuclear physics . This wikibook is intended to
support a basic introductory course in an early semester of an undergraduate program. It assumes that
students have completed decent high school programs in maths and physics and are concurrently taking
subjects in the medical sciences.
External Links
society in Australia; there is also a Victorian Branch website.
• Radiation and Us - covers common sources of natural and artificial radiation - in the
environment, in the home, in the workplace and in medicine.
• Society of Nuclear Medicine - the main nuclear medicine society in the USA - describes
what nuclear medicine is and how it relates to other medical imaging modalities. Career
information is also included.
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Chapter 1
C HAPTER 1 A TOMIC & N UCLEAR S TRUCTURE
Introduction
Y
ou will have encountered much of what we will cover here in your high
school physics. We are going to review this material again below so as to set
the context for subsequent chapters. This chapter will also provide you with an
opportunity to check your understanding of this topic.
The chapter covers atomic structure, nuclear structure, the classification of nuclei,
binding energy and nuclear stability.
Atomic Structure
The atom is considered to be the basic building block of all matter. A simple theory of the atom
tells us that it consists of two components: a nucleus surrounded by an electron cloud . The situation can
be considered as being similar in some respects to planets orbiting the sun.
From an electrical point of view, the nucleus is said to be positively charged and the electrons
negatively charged.
From a size point of view, the radius of an atom is about 10 -10 m while the radius of a nucleus is
about 10 -14 m, i.e. about ten thousand times smaller. The situation could be viewed as something like a
cricket ball, representing the nucleus, in the middle of a sporting arena with the electrons orbiting
somewhere around where the spectators would sit. This perspective tells us that the atom should be
composed mainly of empty space. However, the situation is far more complex than this simple picture
portrays in that we must also take into account the physical forces which bind the atom together.
Chemical phenomena can be thought of as interactions between the electrons of individual atoms.
Radioactivity on the other hand can be thought of as changes which occur within the nuclei of
atoms.
The Nucleus
A simple description of the nucleus tells us that it is composed of protons and neutrons . These two
particle types are collectively called nucleons , i.e. particles which inhabit the nucleus.
From a mass point of view the mass of a proton is roughly equal to the mass of a neutron and each
of these is about 2,000 times the mass of an electron. So most of the mass of an atom is concentrated in
the small region at its core.
From an electrical point of view the proton is positively charged and the neutron has no charge. An
atom all on its own (if that were possible to achieve!) is electrically neutral. The number of protons in
 

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