US Army FM 3-24 Counterinsurgency (2006).pdf

FM 3-24

MCWP 3-33.5

COUNTERINSURGENCY

DECEMBER 2006

DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION:

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

HEADQUARTERS

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

Foreword

This manual is designed to ill a doctrinal gap. It has been 20 years since the Army published

a ield manual devoted exclusively to counterinsurgency operations. For the Marine Corps it has

been 25 years. With our Soldiers and Marines ighting insurgents in Afghanistan and Iraq, it is

essential that we give them a manual that provides principles and guidelines for counterinsurgency

operations. Such guidance must be grounded in historical studies. However, it also must be informed

by contemporary experiences.

This manual takes a general approach to counterinsurgency operations. The Army and Marine

Corps recognize that every insurgency is contextual and presents its own set of challenges. You

cannot ight former Saddamists and Islamic extremists the same way you would have fought the

Viet Cong, Moros, or Tupamaros; the application of principles and fundamentals to deal with

each varies considerably. Nonetheless, all insurgencies, even today’s highly adaptable strains,

remain wars amongst the people. They use variations of standard themes and adhere to elements

of a recognizable revolutionary campaign plan. This manual therefore addresses the common

characteristics of insurgencies. It strives to provide those conducting counterinsurgency campaigns

with a solid foundation for understanding and addressing speciic insurgencies.

A counterinsurgency campaign is, as described in this manual, a mix of offensive, defensive, and

stability operations conducted along multiple lines of operations. It requires Soldiers and Marines to

employ a mix of familiar combat tasks and skills more often associated with nonmilitary agencies.

The balance between them depends on the local situation. Achieving this balance is not easy. It

requires leaders at all levels to adjust their approach constantly. They must ensure that their Soldiers

and Marines are ready to be greeted with either a handshake or a hand grenade while taking on

missions only infrequently practiced until recently at our combat training centers. Soldiers and

Marines are expected to be nation builders as well as warriors. They must be prepared to help

reestablish institutions and local security forces and assist in rebuilding infrastructure and basic

services. They must be able to facilitate establishing local governance and the rule of law. The

list of such tasks is long; performing them involves extensive coordination and cooperation with

many intergovernmental, host-nation, and international agencies. Indeed, the responsibilities of

leaders in a counterinsurgency campaign are daunting; however, the discussions in this manual alert

leaders to the challenges of such campaigns and suggest general approaches for grappling with those

challenges.

Conducting a successful counterinsurgency campaign requires a lexible, adaptive force led by

agile, well-informed, culturally astute leaders. It is our hope that this manual provides the guidelines

needed to succeed in operations that are exceedingly dificult and complex. Our Soldiers and Marines

deserve nothing less.

DAVID H. PETRAEUS

JAMES F. AMOS

Lieutenant General, U.S. Army

Lieutenant General, U.S. Marine Corps

Commander

Deputy Commandant

U.S. Army Combined Arms Center

Combat Development and Integration

FM 3-24

*MCWP 3-33.5

Headquarters

Department of the Army

Washington, DC

Field Manual

No. 3-24

Headquarters

Marine Corps Combat Development Command

Department of the Navy

Headquarters

United States Marine Corps

Washington, DC

Marine Corps Warfighting Publication

No. 3-33.5

15 December 2006

COUNTERINSURGENCY

Contents

Page

PREFACE ............................................................................................................vii

INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................ix

INSURGENCY AND COUNTERINSURGENCY................................................ 1-1

Overview............................................................................................................. 1-1

Aspects of Insurgency ........................................................................................ 1-2

Aspects of Counterinsurgency ......................................................................... 1-19

Summary .......................................................................................................... 1-28

Chapter 1

UNITY OF EFFORT: INTEGRATING CIVILIAN AND MILITARY ACTIVITIES 2-1

Integration........................................................................................................... 2-1

Key Counterinsurgency Participants and Their Likely Roles ............................. 2-4

Key Responsibilities in Counterinsurgency ........................................................ 2-9

Civilian and Military Integration Mechanisms ................................................... 2-10

Tactical-Level Interagency Considerations ...................................................... 2-14

Summary .......................................................................................................... 2-14

Chapter 2

INTELLIGENCE IN COUNTERINSURGENCY ................................................. 3-1

Section I – Intelligence Characteristics in Counterinsurgency.......................... 3-1

Section II – Predeployment Planning and Intelligence Preparation of the

Battlefield .......................................................................................................... 3-2

Define the Operational Environment .................................................................. 3-2

Chapter 3

Distribution Restriction: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

*This publication supersedes FMI 3-07.22, 1 October 2004, and MCWP 3-33.5, 29 January 1980.

Marine Corps PCN: 143 000124 00

Contents

Describe the Effects of the Operational Environment......................................... 3-3

Evaluate the Threat...........................................................................................3-12

Determine Threat Courses of Action ................................................................3-20

Section III – Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance Operations 3-24

The Intelligence-Operations Dynamic...............................................................3-25

Human Intelligence and Operational Reporting................................................3-26

Surveillance and Reconnaissance Considerations ..........................................3-27

Considerations for Other Intelligence Disciplines .............................................3-28

Section IV – Counterintelligence and Counterreconnaissance .......................3-30

Section V – All-Source Intelligence...............................................................3-30

Current Operations ...........................................................................................3-31

Comprehensive Insurgency Analysis................................................................3-31

Reachback ........................................................................................................3-32

Analytic Continuity.............................................................................................3-32

Section VI – Intelligence Collaboration ........................................................3-33

Intelligence Cells and Working Groups.............................................................3-33

Protecting Sources............................................................................................3-34

Host-Nation Integration .....................................................................................3-34

Section VII – Summary ...................................................................................3-35

DESIGNING COUNTERINSURGENCY CAMPAIGNS AND OPERATIONS.... 4-1

The Importance of Campaign Design ................................................................. 4-1

The Relationship Between Design and Planning ...............................................4-2

The Nature of Design.......................................................................................... 4-3

Considerations for Design................................................................................... 4-3

Design for Counterinsurgency ............................................................................ 4-4

Summary............................................................................................................. 4-9

Chapter 4

EXECUTING COUNTERINSURGENCY OPERATIONS ................................... 5-1

The Nature of Counterinsurgency Operations .................................................... 5-1

Logical Lines of Operations in Counterinsurgency ............................................. 5-3

Counterinsurgency Approaches .......................................................................5-18

Assessment of Counterinsurgency Operations ................................................5-26

Targeting ...........................................................................................................5-29

Learning and Adapting......................................................................................5-31

Summary...........................................................................................................5-31

Chapter 5

DEVELOPING HOST-NATION SECURITY FORCES....................................... 6-1

Overview ............................................................................................................. 6-1

Challenges, Resources, and End State.............................................................. 6-2

Framework for Development............................................................................... 6-6

Police in Counterinsurgency .............................................................................6-19

Summary...........................................................................................................6-22

Chapter 6

LEADERSHIP AND ETHICS FOR COUNTERINSURGENCY .......................... 7-1

Leadership in Counterinsurgency ....................................................................... 7-1

Large- and Small-Unit Leadership Tenets .......................................................... 7-1

Ethics .................................................................................................................. 7-5

Warfighting Versus Policing ................................................................................ 7-5

Proportionality and Discrimination ...................................................................... 7-6

Chapter 7

FM 3-24/MCWP 3-33.5

15 December 2006

Contents

Detention and Interrogation................................................................................ 7-7

The Learning Imperative .................................................................................... 7-9

Summary ............................................................................................................ 7-9

SUSTAINMENT.................................................................................................. 8-1

Logistic Considerations in Counterinsurgency ................................................... 8-1

Logistic Support to Logical Lines of Operations................................................. 8-4

Contracted Logistic Support ............................................................................. 8-17

Summary .......................................................................................................... 8-20

Chapter 8

A GUIDE FOR ACTION .....................................................................................A-1

Plan..................................................................................................................... A-1

Prepare ............................................................................................................... A-2

Execute............................................................................................................... A-4

Ending the Tour .................................................................................................. A-9

Three “What Ifs”.................................................................................................. A-9

Summary ............................................................................................................ A-9

Appendix A

SOCIAL NETWORK ANALYSIS AND OTHER ANALYTICAL TOOLS...........B-1

Describe the Effects of the Operational Environment ........................................ B-1

Evaluate the Threat .......................................................................................... B-10

Appendix B

LINGUIST SUPPORT ........................................................................................C-1

Linguist Support Categories ...............................................................................C-1

Selecting Interpreters .........................................................................................C-2

Employing Linguists............................................................................................C-3

Establishing Rapport ..........................................................................................C-4

Orienting Interpreters .........................................................................................C-4

Preparing for Presentations................................................................................C-4

Conducting Presentations ..................................................................................C-5

Speaking Techniques .........................................................................................C-6

Appendix C

LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS..............................................................................D-1

Authority to Assist a Foreign Government .........................................................D-1

Authorization to Use Military Force ....................................................................D-2

Rules of Engagement .........................................................................................D-2

The Law of War ..................................................................................................D-3

Internal Armed Conflict .......................................................................................D-3

Detention and Interrogation................................................................................D-4

Enforcing Discipline of U.S. Forces....................................................................D-6

Humanitarian Relief and Reconstruction............................................................D-6

Training and Equipping Foreign Forces .............................................................D-7

Claims and Solatia..............................................................................................D-8

Establishing the Rule of Law ..............................................................................D-8

Appendix D

AIRPOWER IN COUNTERINSURGENCY ........................................................ E-1

Overview............................................................................................................. E-1

Airpower in the Strike Role ................................................................................. E-1

Airpower in Intelligence Collection ..................................................................... E-2

Air and Space Information Operations ............................................................... E-2

High-Technology Assets .................................................................................... E-3

Low-Technology Assets ..................................................................................... E-3

Appendix E

15 December 2006

FM 3-24/MCWP 3-33.5

iii

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