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A complete illustrated Guide to the PC Hardware

Click & Learn. Contents. WWW.MKDATA.DK

Now 205 pages of course material for self study or remote instruction. It would be to your advantage to print

these pages. Click on the right hand frame, before you enter the print command. Welcome to the Click & Learn

course. Used by schools teaching IT. Designed in several modules, some of which are sub divided, to facilitate

reading. Please remember the guest book.

0. About Michael Karbo and his books. Publishers

(English language) wanted! Please read:

Introduction to these pages .

4. About drives and other storage media:

Module 4a. Drives (4 pages)

Module 4b. Hard disks (9 pages)

News - about Click & Learn progress

Module 4c . Optic storage media (7

pages)

Aabenraa - where I live.

US publishers wanted .

Module 4d . MO and ZIP drives (2 pages)

Search inside Click & Learn

Module 4e . Tape streamers (2 pages)

1. About PC data:

Module 1a . About data (6 pages)

5. About expansion cards and interfaces:

Module 5a . Adapters and expansion

cards (16 pages)

Module 1b. Character tables (8 pages)

Module 5b . About interfaces: EIDE,

Ultra DMA and AGP (5 pages)

2. The PC system board. About busses, chip sets, RAM,

etc.:

Module 5c . SCSI, FireWire and USB (8

pages)

Module 2a. Introduction to the PC (11 pages)

Module 2b. Boot process, system bus (6 pages)

6. About operating and file systems:

Module 6a . File systems (18 pages)

Module 2c. I/O busses, ISA bus (7 pages)

Module 2d. Chip sets (6 pages)

Module 6b . Running and maintaining

Windows 95 (4 pages)

Module 2e . RAM (6 pages)

Module 6c . Relationship between

operating system and hardware (BIOS,

driver programs, etc. 10 pages)

3. About CPU's:

Module 3a . CPU (6 pages)

7. Graphics:

Module 7a . 16 pages about the screen

(pixels, resolutions, colors depth,

refresh-rates).

Module 3b . CPU improvements (6 pages)

Module 3c . CPU 5th & 6th generation (15

pages)

Module 7b . The monitor and the

graphics card. (12 pages)

Module 3d . Over clocking the CPU's (9 pages)

Module 7c . About sound (9 pages)

Miscellaneous

Links to other web sites.

file:///E|/education/Click & Learn/start.htm (1 of 2) [4/15/1999 6:12:24 AM]

A complete illustrated Guide to the PC Hardware

Please sign the guest book.

See the guest book

Or give your comments directly to:

mkarbo@mkdata.dk

Click & Learn visited

times since 10Dec96. English translation by Erik Karoll .

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Click & Learn. Module 1a. About data.

Click & Learn . Module 1a. WWW.MKDATA.DK

About data

Our PC's are data processors. PC's function is simple: to process data, and the processing is done electronically inside

the CPU and between the other components. That sounds simple, but what are data, and how are they processed

electronically in a PC? That is the subject of these pages.

Analog data

The signals, which we send each other to communicate, are data. Our daily data have many forms: sound, letters,

numbers, and other characters (handwritten or printed), photos, graphics, film. All these data are in their nature analog ,

which means that they are varied in their type. In this form, they are unusable in a PC. The PC can only process

concise, simple data formats. Such data can be processed very effectively.

Digital data

The PC is an electric unit. Therefore, it can only deal with data, which are associated with electricity. That is

accomplished using electric switches, which are either off or on. You can compare with regular household switches. If

the switch if off, the PC reads numeral 0. If it is on, it is read as numeral one. See the illustration below:

With our electric switches, we can write 0 or 1. We can now start our data processing!

The PC is filled with these switches (in the form of transistors). There are literally millions of those in the electronic

components. Each represents either a 0 or a 1, so we can process data with millions of 0's and 1's.

Bits

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Click & Learn. Module 1a. About data.

Each 0 or 1 is called a bit . Bit is an abbreviation of the expression BI nary digi T . It is called binary, since it is derived from

the binary number system:

1 bit

0110

4 bit

01101011

8 bit

The binary number system

The binary number system is made up of digits, just like our common decimal system (10 digit system). But, while the

decimal system uses digits 0 through 9, the binary system only uses digits 0 and 1.

If you are interested in understanding the binary number system, then here is a brief course. Try if you can follow the

system. See how numbers are constructed in the binary system, using only 0's and 1's:

Numbers, as known in the

decimal-system

Same numbers in binary

system

100

101

110

111

1000

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Click & Learn. Module 1a. About data.

Digital data

We have seen that the PC appears capable of handling data, if it can receive them as 0's and 1's. This data format is

called digital. If we can translate our daily data from their analog format to digital format, they will appear as chains of 0's

and 1's, then the PC can handle them.

So, we must be able to digitize our data. Pour text, sounds, and pictures into a funnel, from where they emerge as 0's

and 1's:

Let us see how this can be accomplished .

Bytes

The most basic data processing is word processing. Let us use that as an example. When we do word processing, we

work at a keyboard similar to a typewriter. There are 101 keys, where we find the entire alphabet A, B, C, etc. We also

find the digits from 0 to 9 and all the other characters we need:,.-;():_?!"#*%&etc..

All these characters must be digitized. They must be expressed in 0's and 1's. Bits are organized in groups of 8. A group

of 8 bits is called a byte.

8 bits = 1 byte, that is the system. Then, what can we do with bytes? First, let us see how many different bytes we can

construct. A byte is an 8 digit number. We link 0's and 1's in a pattern. How many different ones can we make? Here is

one: 01110101, and here is another: 10010101.

We can calculate that you can make 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 different patterns, since each of the 8 bits can have 2

values.

2 8 (two in the power of eight) is 256. Then there are 256 different bytes!

Character

Bit pattern

Byte

number

Character

Bit pattern

Byte

number

01000001

10111100

188

01000010

00101110

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Now we assign a byte to each letter and other characters. And since we have 256 patterns to choose from, there is

plenty of room for all. Here you see some examples of the "translation:"

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