Status of the Red Knot (Calidris canutus rufa) in the Western Hemisphere.pdf

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STATUS OF THE RED KNOT
( CALIDRIS CANUTUS RUFA ) IN
THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE
L AWRENCE J. N ILES , H UMPHREY P. S ITTERS , A MANDA D. D EY ,
P HILIP W. A TKINSON , A LLAN J. B AKER , K AREN A. B ENNETT ,
R OBERTO C ARMONA , K ATHLEEN E. C LARK , N IGEL A. C LARK ,
C ARMEN E SPOZ , P ATRICIA M. G ONZÁLEZ , B RIAN A. H ARRINGTON ,
D ANIEL E. H ERNÁNDEZ , K EVIN S. K ALASZ , R ICHARD G. L ATHROP ,
R ICARDO N. M ATUS , C LIVE D. T. M INTON , R. I. G UY M ORRISON ,
M ARK K. P ECK , W ILLIAM P ITTS , R OBERT A. R OBINSON , AND
I NÊS L. S ERRANO
Studies in Avian Biology No. 36
A Publication of the Cooper Ornithological Society
1007546062.001.png 1007546062.002.png
STATUS OF THE RED KNOT
( CALIDRIS CANUTUS RUFA ) IN
THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE
Lawrence J. Niles, Humphrey P. Sitters, Amanda D. Dey,
Philip W. Atkinson, Allan J. Baker, Karen A. Bennett,
Roberto Carmona, Kathleen E. Clark, Nigel A. Clark, Carmen Espoz,
Patricia M. González, Brian A. Harrington, Daniel E. Hernández,
Kevin S. Kalasz, Richard G. Lathrop, Ricardo N. Matus,
Clive D. T. Minton, R. I. Guy Morrison, Mark K. Peck,
William Pitts, Robert A. Robinson, and Inês L. Serrano
Studies in Avian Biology No. 36
A PUBLICATION OF THE COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOCIETY
Front cover photograph of Red Knots by Irene Hernandez
Rear cover photograph of Red Knot by Lawrence J. Niles
1007546062.003.png
STUDIES IN AVIAN BIOLOGY
Edited by
Carl D. Marti
1310 East Jefferson Street
Boise, ID 83712
Spanish translation by
Carmen Espoz
Studies in Avian Biology is a series of works too long for The Condor , published at irregular
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to the editor. Style and format should follow those of previous issues.
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ISBN: 978-0-943610-83-2
Library of Congress Control Number: 2008929213
Printed at Cadmus Professional Communications, Ephrata, Pennsylvania 17522
Issued: 15 June 2008
Copyright © by the Cooper Ornithological Society 2008
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CONTENTS
AUTHOR ADDRESSES ......................................................................................................
xvii
ABSTRACT ..........................................................................................................................
1
TAXONOMY .......................................................................................................................
5
G ENETIC E VIDENCE FOR K NOT S UBSPECIES ...........................................................................
7
E COLOGICAL AND M ORPHOLOGICAL E VIDENCE FOR S UBSPECIES IN N ORTH A MERICA .............
9
E VIDENCE FOR D ISCRETE W INTERING P OPULATIONS ..............................................................
9
PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION ...............................................................................................
11
F IRST B ASIC P LUMAGE .........................................................................................................
11
D EFINITIVE A LTERNATE P LUMAGE ........................................................................................
13
A LTERNATE P LUMAGE .........................................................................................................
13
F EMALES .............................................................................................................................
13
M ALES — C ALIDRIS CANUTUS RUFA ........................................................................................
13
M ALES — C ALIDRIS CANUTUS CANUTUS ..................................................................................
13
M ALES — C ALIDRIS CANUTUS ROGERSI ...................................................................................
13
M ALES — C ALIDRIS CANUTUS ISLANDICA ................................................................................
14
M ALES — C ALIDRIS CANUTUS ROSELAARI ................................................................................
14
F IRST A LTERNATE P LUMAGE ................................................................................................
14
UVENILE P LUMAGE .............................................................................................................
14
H ATCHLINGS .......................................................................................................................
14
DISTRIBUTION IN TIME AND SPACE ..........................................................................
14
T HE A NNUAL C YCLE ...........................................................................................................
14
B REEDING R ANGE ................................................................................................................
15
W INTER (N ON - BREEDING ) R ANGE ........................................................................................
17
M IGRATORY R ANGE AND M AJOR S TOPOVER A REAS ..............................................................
19
BIOLOGY AND NATURAL HISTORY ...........................................................................
25
R EPRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................
25
Mating displays .............................................................................................................
26
Sexual behavior ..............................................................................................................
26
Nest sites .......................................................................................................................
27
iii
Number of broods ..........................................................................................................
27
Clutch size .....................................................................................................................
27
Incubation period ...........................................................................................................
27
Nestling period ..............................................................................................................
27
Nesting success ..............................................................................................................
28
M ORTALITY .........................................................................................................................
28
L ONGEVITY ..........................................................................................................................
28
S ITE F IDELITY ......................................................................................................................
28
M IGRATION .........................................................................................................................
28
F EEDING H ABITS ..................................................................................................................
29
HABITAT .............................................................................................................................
30
P REFERRED M ICROHABITATS .................................................................................................
30
B REEDING H ABITAT .............................................................................................................
30
M IGRATION AND S TOPOVER H ABITAT —C ANADA .................................................................
30
M IGRATION AND S TOPOVER H ABITAT —N ORTHEASTERN U.S. ...............................................
30
M IGRATION AND S TOPOVER H ABITAT —D ELAWARE B AY , U.S. .............................................
30
Habitats important for Red Knots in Delaware Bay ......................................................
33
Red Knot feeding ecology in Delaware Bay ...................................................................
36
Mapping horseshoe crab spawning habitat suitability ...................................................
39
Mapping critical Red Knot habitat ................................................................................
41
Evidence of decline in both the population of horseshoe crabs and the availability of
their eggs for Red Knots .........................................................................................
44
M IGRATION AND S TOPOVER H ABITAT —S OUTHEASTERN U NITED S TATES ...............................
47
M IGRATION AND S TOPOVER H ABITAT —P ANAMA .................................................................
48
M IGRATION AND S TOPOVER H ABITAT —M ARANHÃO , B RAZIL ...............................................
48
M IGRATION AND S TOPOVER H ABITAT —L AGOA D O P EIXE , B RAZIL .......................................
48
M IGRATION AND S TOPOVER H ABITAT —P AMPAS R EGION , A RGENTINA ..................................
49
M IGRATION AND S TOPOVER H ABITAT —P ATAGONIAN S HORELINE , A RGENTINA .....................
50
M IGRATION AND STOPOVER HABITAT —U RUGUAY .................................................................
50
W INTER HABITAT —U NITED S TATES .....................................................................................
50
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