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EXPERIENCING HYPNOSIS:
EXPERIENCING
HYPNOSIS:
THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES TO ALTERED STATES
By Milton H. Erickson, M.D.
and Ernest L. Rossi, Ph.D.
IRVINGTON PUBLISHERS, Inc., New York
Copyright © 1981 Ernest L. Rossi
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any manner whatever, including information storage
or retrieval, in whole or in part (except for brief quotations in critical articles or reviews), without written permission
from the publisher. For information, write to: Irvington Publishers, Inc.
740 Broadway, NY NY 10003
ISBN 0-8290-0246-4
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES
Reprint Edition 1992
EXPERIENCING HYPNOSIS:
THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES TO ALTERED STATES
Dr. Milton Erickson and Dr. Ernest Rossi
We dedicate this volume to Elizabeth Erickson and Margaret Ryan, whose thoughtful editorial
work has made it possible.
CONTENTS
Introduction
I.
The Indirect Approaches to Hypnosis
a.
Hypnosis in Psychiatry: The Ocean Monarch Lecture
b.
Utilization Approaches to Indirect Communication
1.
Language and the Art of Suggestion
2.
Multiple Levels of Communication in Hypnosis
3.
Internal Responses as the Essence of Suggestion
4.
Indirect Communication in the Ocean Monarch Lecture
II.
Catalepsy in Hypnotic Induction and Therapy
a. Catalepsy in Historical Perspective
b. Recognizing Spontaneous Catalepsy
c. Facilitating Catalepsy
d. Utilizing Catalepsy
e. Summary
f. Exercises with Catalepsy
Demonstration in the Use of Catalepsy in Hypnotic Induction: Hand Levitation in a Blind
Subject
III.
Ideomotor Signaling in Hypnotic Induction and Therapy
a. Ideomotor Movements and Signaling in Historical Perspective
b. Recognizing Spontaneous Ideomotor Signaling
c. Facilitating Ideomotor Signaling
d. Facilitating Ideosensory Signaling
e. Utilizing Ideomotor Signaling
f. Summary
g. Exercises in Ideomotor Signaling
An Audio-Visual Demonstration of Ideomotor Movements and Catalepsy: The Reverse
Set to Facilitate Hypnotic Induction
IV. The Experiential Learning of Trance by the Skeptical Mind
Session One: The Experiential Learning of Minimal Manifestations of Trance
Session Two: The Experiential Learning of Hypnotic Phenomena
1. Dissociation and the Modern Experiential Approach to Altered States
2. Learning Indirect Communication: Frames of Reference, Metalevels, and
Psychotherapy
INTRODUCTION
This book is a continuation of our earlier work in
Hypnotic Realities
(Erickson, Rossi, &
Rossi, 1976) and
Hypnotherapy: An Exploratory Casebook
(Erickson & Rossi, 1979),
whereby the senior author, Milton H. Erickson, trains the junior author, Ernest L. Rossi, in
clinical hypnosis. Taken together, these three volumes present a deepening view of what
hypnosis is and the ways in which a creative process of hypnotherapy can be achieved. The
material in these volumes touches ultimately on the nature of human consciousness and
suggests a variety of open-ended approaches to facilitate its exploration in hypnotherapy as
well as in more formal research situations.
Indirect communication is the overall concept we use to cover what we have variously
described as two-level communication, the naturalistic approach, and the utilization
approach. The common denominator of all these approaches is that hypnotherapy involves
something more than simple talk on a single, objective level. The readily apparent, overt
content of a message is like the tip of an iceberg. The recipient of indirect communication is
usually not aware of the extent to which his or her associative processes have been set in
motion automatically in many directions. Hypnotic suggestion received in this manner results
in the automatic evocation and utilization of the patient's own unique repertory of response
potentials to achieve therapeutic goals that might have been otherwise beyond reach. In our
previous volumes we outlined the operation of this process as the
microdynamics of trance
induction and suggestion.
Although this is the essence of the senior author's original
contribution to modern suggestion theory, we will review in this volume some of the many
means and meanings that other authors have used as they struggled to reach an
understanding of indirect communication in the long history of hypnosis.
The first section of this volume presents an historically important lecture on clinical
hypnosis by the senior author wherein we witness his transition from the older authoritarian
approach to hypnosis to the new permissive approaches, which he pioneered. Due to the
unique nature of this presentation, an audio cassette of it accompanies this volume. We
strongly recommend that our professional readers listen to this cassette and savor it a bit
before dealing with the lecture as presented in the text.
The second and third sections of this volume focus on the phenomena of catalepsy and
ideomotor signaling, two of the senior author's basic approaches to trance induction and
hypnotherapy. The primary concern is the practical question of how to induce therapeutic
trance and how to evoke the patient's repertory of life experiences and involuntary response
systems that are utilized in hypnotherapy. As is characteristic of our previous work, the
growing edge of our current understanding of the subjective experience of clinical trance and
altered states is discussed throughout.
A film of Erickson made by Ernest Hilgard and Jay Haley at Stanford University is
available from Irvington Publishers for study by serious students who wish to observe the
nonverbal aspects of Erickson's I innovative work utilizing the reverse set in hypnotic
induction presented in Section III. We believe that further research on and development of
this reverse-set approach will greatly expand our understanding of the dynamics of trance
and serve as the foundation for a new generation of more effective approaches in
hypnotherapy.
The fourth section, dealing with the experiential learning of hypnosis, illustrates one of
the senior author's favorite occupations in recent years: the training of professionals in the
use of clinical hypnosis by allowing them to experience the process themselves. The two
sessions presented in this section are illustrative of the problem faced by a modern, rational,
scientifically trained mind in learning to experience hypnotic phenomena. Herein are
illustrated many of the phenomena and paradoxes of modern consciousness as it seeks to
understand more about itself by making an effort to transcend its current limitations.
Ernest Rossi
Malibu, California
SECTION I
The Indirect Approach to Hypnosis
We begin here by illustrating the indirect approach to hypnotic communication through
the transcription of a lecture given by the senior author before a group of his professional
colleagues. We then outline our current understanding of this approach and its relevance for
facilitating the processes of hypnotic induction and therapeutic trance.
A. HYPNOSIS IN PSYCHIATRY: THE OCEAN MONARCH
LECTURE
This lecture is an unusually clear and succinct presentation of the senior author's
approach to hypnotic induction and hypnotherapy. Given at the height of his teaching career,
it represents an important shift away from the authoritarian methods of the past to his
pioneering work with the more permissive and insightful approaches characteristic of our
current era. In the actual words of this presentation we can witness how important concepts
are in transition. While Erickson still uses the words
technique
and
control
a number of
times—and even
manipulate
and
seduce
appear once each—it is evident from the broader
context that they are outmoded in the traditional authoritarian sense in which they had been
used.
A paradigmatic shift is taking place in this presentation: It is now recognized that the
most significant person in the hypnotherapeutic interaction is the patient, not the therapist.
The patient's potentials and proclivities account for most of the variance (what actually
happens) in hypnotherapy, not the purported "powers" of the hypnotist. The therapist does
not command the patient; rather, as the senior author says, "It is always a matter of offering
them [patients] the opportunity of responding to an idea." It is now recognized that the
hypnotherapist offers the patient many
approaches
to hypnotic experience rather than
imposing hypnotic
techniques.
The concept of
technique
implies the mechanical and
repetitious application of a particular procedure in the same way to every patient with the
intent of producing a preconceived and predictable response. The concept of
approaches
implies the profferance of alternatives to help each patient bypass his or her own particular
learned limitations so that the various hypnotic phenomena and hypnotherapeutic responses
may be experienced.
Therapists do not "control" the patients; rather, they help the patients learn to "utilize"
their own potentials and repertory of unconscious skills in new ways to facilitate the desired
therapeutic outcome. This new orientation requires the development of many observational
and performance skills by hypnotherapists. More than ever it is required that they learn to
recognize and appreciate each patient as a unique individual. Every hypnotherapeutic
interaction is essentially a creative endeavor; certain known principles are being applied, but
the infinite possibilities within each patient require an essentially exploratory approach to
achieve the therapeutic goals.
This lecture is highly characteristic of the senior author's style of presenting his approach
to hypnotic induction and hypnotherapy. Listening to it on the cassette accompanying this
volume in a relaxed mood may have important values for the reader that are not contained in
the edited version presented in this volume. Before reading any further, then, the reader may
best listen to the cassette labeled "Hypnosis in Psychiatry: The Ocean Monarch Lecture."
Those readers who are familiar with our two previous books in this series will know why we
recommend listening to the cassette first. Other readers will understand the reasons after
reading the discussion of this tape that follows its edited version on these pages. Please
listen now to the lecture.
A. HYPNOSIS IN PSYCHIATRY:
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