exj_2.pdf

SUSPENSION

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SUSPENSION

TABLE OF CONTENTS

page

ALIGNMENT .............................. 1

FRONT SUSPENSION ....................... 7

REAR SUSPENSION ....................... 1 6

ALIGNMENT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

page

DESCRIPTION AND OPERATION

WHEEL ALIGNMENT .......................1

DIAGNOSIS AND TESTING

SUSPENSION AND STEERING SYSTEM ........3

SERVICE PROCEDURES

PRE-ALIGNMENT .........................4

WHEEL ALIGNMENT .......................4

SPECIFICATIONS

ALIGNMENT .............................6

DESCRIPTION AND OPERATION

OPERATION

CASTER is the forward or rearward tilt of the

steering knuckle from vertical. Tilting the top of the

knuckle rearward provides positive caster. Tilting the

top of the knuckle forward provides negative caster.

Caster is a directional stability angle. This angle

enables

WHEEL ALIGNMENT

DESCRIPTION

Wheel alignment involves the correct positioning of

the wheels in relation to the vehicle. The positioning

is accomplished through suspension and steering

linkage adjustments. An alignment is considered

essential for efficient steering, good directional stabil-

ity and to minimize tire wear. The most important

measurements of an alignment are caster, camber

and toe position (Fig. 1).

the

front

wheels

return

straight

ahead position after turns.

CAMBER is the inward or outward tilt of the

wheel relative to the center of the vehicle. Tilting the

top of the wheel inward provides negative camber.

Tilting the top of the wheel outward provides positive

camber. Incorrect camber will cause wear on the

inside or outside edge of the tire. The angle is not

adjustable, damaged component(s) must be replaced

to correct the camber angle.

CAUTION: Never attempt to modify suspension or

steering components by heating or bending.

WHEEL TOE POSITION is the difference

between the leading inside edges and trailing inside

edges of the front tires. Incorrect wheel toe position

is the most common cause of unstable steering and

uneven tire wear. The wheel toe position is the final

front wheel alignment adjustment.

CAUTION: Components attached with a nut and

cotter pin must be torqued to specification. Then if

the slot in the nut does not line up with the cotter

pin hole, tighten nut until it is aligned. Never loosen

the nut to align the cotter pin hole.

STEERING AXIS INCLINATION ANGLE is

measured in degrees and is the angle that the steer-

ing knuckles are tilted. The inclination angle has a

fixed relationship with the camber angle. It will not

change except when a spindle or ball stud is dam-

aged or bent. The angle is not adjustable, damaged

component(s) must be replaced to correct the steering

axis inclination angle.

NOTE: Periodic lubrication of the front suspension/

steering system components may be required. Rub-

ber bushings must never be lubricated. Refer to

Group 0, Lubrication And Maintenance for the rec-

ommended maintenance schedule.

2 - 2

SUSPENSION

DESCRIPTION AND OPERATION (Continued)

THRUST ANGLE is the angle of the rear axle

relative to the centerline of the vehicle. Incorrect

thrust angle can cause off-center steering and exces-

sive tire wear. This angle is not adjustable, damaged

component(s) must be replaced to correct the thrust

angle.

Fig. 1 Wheel Alignment Measurements

1 – WHEEL CENTERLINE

2 – NEGATIVE CAMBER ANGLE

3 – PIVOT CENTERLINE

4 – SCRUB RADIUS

5 – TRUE VERTICAL

6 – KING PIN

7 – VERTICAL

8 – POSITIVE CASTER

SUSPENSION

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DIAGNOSIS AND TESTING

SUSPENSION AND STEERING SYSTEM

CONDITION

POSSIBLE CAUSES

CORRECTION

FRONT END NOISE

1. Loose or worn wheel bearings.

1. Adjust or replace wheel bearings.

2. Loose or worn steering or

suspension components.

2. Tighten or replace components as

necessary.

EXCESSIVE PLAY IN

STEERING

1. Loose or worn wheel bearings.

1. Adjust or replace wheel bearings.

2. Loose or worn steering or

suspension components.

2. Tighten or replace components as

necessary.

3. Loose or worn steering gear.

3. Adjust or replace steering gear.

FRONT WHEELS SHIMMY

1. Loose or worn wheel bearings.

1. Adjust or replace wheel bearings.

2. Loose or worn steering or

suspension components.

2. Tighten or replace components as

necessary.

3. Tires worn or out of balance.

3. Replace or balance tires.

4. Alignment.

4. Align vehicle to specifications.

5. Leaking steering dampener.

5. Replace steering dampener.

VEHICLE INSTABILITY

1. Loose or worn wheel bearings.

1. Adjust or replace wheel bearings.

2. Loose or worn steering or

suspension components.

2. Tighten or replace components as

necessary.

3. Tire pressure.

3. Adjust tire pressure.

4. Alignment.

4. Align vehicle to specifications.

EXCESSIVE STEERING

EFFORT

1. Loose or worn steering gear.

1. Adjust or replace steering gear.

2. Power steering fluid low.

2. Add fluid and repair leak.

3. Column coupler binding.

3. Replace coupler.

4. Tire pressure.

4. Adjust tire pressure.

5. Alignment.

5. Align vehicle to specifications.

VEHICLE PULLS TO ONE

SIDE DURING BRAKING

1. Uneven tire pressure.

1. Adjust tire pressure.

2. Worn brake components.

2. Repair brakes as necessary.

3. Air in brake line.

3. Repair as necessary.

VEHICLE LEADS OR

DRIFTS FROM STRAIGHT

AHEAD DIRECTION ON

UNCROWNED ROAD

1. Radial tire lead.

1. Cross front tires.

2. Brakes dragging.

2. Repair brake as necessary.

3. Weak or broken spring.

3. Replace spring.

4. Uneven tire pressure.

4. Adjust tire pressure.

5. Wheel Alignment.

5. Align vehicle.

6. Loose or worn steering or

suspension components.

6. Repair as necessary.

7. Cross caster out of spec.

7. Align vehicle.

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SUSPENSION

DIAGNOSIS AND TESTING (Continued)

CONDITION

POSSIBLE CAUSES

CORRECTION

KNOCKING, RATTLING

OR SQUEAKING

1. Worn shock bushings.

1. Replace shock.

2. Loose, worn or bent steering/

suspension components.

2. Inspect, tighten or replace components

as necessary.

3. Shock valve.

3. Replace shock.

IMPROPER TRACKING

1. Loose, worn or bent track bar.

1. Inspect, tighten or replace component as

necessary.

2. Loose, worn or bent steering/

suspension components.

2. Inspect, tighten or replace components

as necessary.

SERVICE PROCEDURES

NOTE: Changing caster angle will also change the

front propeller shaft angle. The propeller shaft

angle has priority over caster. Refer to Group 3 Dif-

ferential & Driveline for additional information.

PRE-ALIGNMENT

Before starting wheel alignment, the following

inspection and necessary corrections must be com-

pleted.

Refer

Suspension

and

Steering

System

Diagnosis Chart for additional information.

(1) Inspect tires for size and tread wear.

(2) Set tire air pressure.

(3) Inspect front wheel bearings for wear.

(4) Inspect front wheels for excessive radial or lat-

eral runout and balance.

(5) Inspect ball studs, linkage pivot points and

steering gear for looseness, roughness or binding.

(6) Inspect suspension components for wear and

noise.

WHEEL ALIGNMENT

Before each alignment reading, the vehicle should

be jounced (rear first, then front). Grasp each

bumper at the center and jounce the vehicle up and

down several times. Always release the bumper in

the down position. Set the front end alignment to

specifications with the vehicle at its NORMAL RIDE

HEIGHT.

Fig. 2 Caster Adjustment

1 – SHIM

2 – SUSPENSION ARM

CAMBER

The wheel camber angle is preset. This angle is not

adjustable and cannot be altered.

TOE POSITION (LHD)

NOTE: The wheel toe position adjustment is the

final adjustment. The engine must remain running

during the entire toe position adjustment.

CASTER

Before checking the caster of the front axle for cor-

rect angle, be sure the axle is not bent or twisted.

Road test the vehicle, make left and right turns. If

the steering wheel returns to the center position

unassisted, the caster angle is correct. If steering

wheel does not return toward the center position

unassisted, an incorrect caster angle is probable.

Caster can be adjusted by installing the appropri-

ate size shims (Fig. 2).

(1) Start the engine and turn wheels both ways

before straightening the wheels. Secure the steering

wheel with the front wheels in the straight-ahead

position.

(2) Loosen the adjustment sleeve clamp bolts (Fig.

3).

(3) Adjust the right wheel toe position with the

drag link. Turn the sleeve until the right wheel is at

correct

TOE-IN

specifications.

Position

the

clamp

SUSPENSION

2 - 5

SERVICE PROCEDURES (Continued)

bolts as shown (Fig. 4) and tighten to 49 N·m (36 ft.

lbs.).

NOTE: Make sure the toe setting does not change

during clamp tightening.

(4) Adjust the left wheel toe position with the tie

rod. Turn the sleeve until the left wheel is at specifi-

cations. Position the clamp bolts as shown (Fig. 4)

and tighten to 27 N·m (20 ft. lbs.).

NOTE: Make sure the toe setting does not change

during clamp tightening.

(5) Verify the right toe setting and turn off engine.

(6) Road test the vehicle on a flat level road to ver-

ify the steering wheel is centered.

Fig. 4 Drag Link and Tie Rod Clamp (LHD)

1 – TIE ROD CLAMP

2 – DRAG LINK CLAMPS

NOTE: Once the toe setting is correct, the steering

wheel can be re-centered by adjusting only the drag

link.

wheel with the front wheels in the straight-ahead

position.

(2) Loosen the adjustment sleeve clamp bolts (Fig.

5).

(3) Adjust the left wheel toe position with the drag

link. Turn the sleeve until the left wheel is at the

correct TOE-IN specifications. Position the clamp

bolts to their original position and tighten to 49 N·m

(36 ft. lbs.).

TOE POSITION (RHD)

NOTE: The wheel toe position adjustment is the

final adjustment. The engine must remain running

during the entire toe position adjustment.

(1) Start the engine and turn wheels both ways

before straightening the wheels. Secure the steering

Fig. 3 Steering Linkage (LHD)

1 – PITMAN ARM

2 – ADJUSTMENT SLEEVE

3 – DRAG LINK

4 – TIE ROD

5 – STEERING DAMPENER

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