SQL.in.a.Nutshell.3rd.Edition.pdf

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SQL
IN A NUTSHELL
Third Edition
Kevin E. Kline
with Daniel Kline and Brand Hunt
Beijing • Cambridge • Farnham • Köln • Sebastopol • Taipei • Tokyo
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SQL in a Nutshell, Third Edition
by Kevin E. Kline with Daniel Kline and Brand Hunt
Copyright © 2009 O’Reilly Media, Inc. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America.
PublishedbyO’ReillyMedia,Inc.,1005GravensteinHighwayNorth,Sebastopol,CA95472.
O’Reillybooksmaybepurchasedforeducational,business,orsalespromotionaluse.Online
editions are also available for most titles ( safari.oreilly.com ). For more information, contact
our corporate/institutional sales department: (800) 998-9938 or corporate@oreilly.com .
Editors: Julie Steele and Mary Treseler
Production Editor: Rachel Monaghan
Copyeditor: Rachel Head
Indexer: Angela Howard
Production Services: Octal Publishing, Inc.
Cover Designer: Karen Montgomery
Interior Designer: David Futato
Illustrator: Jessamyn Read
Printing History:
January 2001: First Edition.
September 2004: Second Edition.
November 2008: Third Edition.
Nutshell Handbook, the Nutshell Handbook logo, and the O’Reilly logo are registered
trademarks of O’Reilly Media, Inc. The In a Nutshell series designations, SQL in a Nutshell ,
the image of a chameleon, and related trade dress are trademarks of O’Reilly Media, Inc.
Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are
claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and O’Reilly Media,
Inc. was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in caps or initial
caps.
While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and
authors assume no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the
use of the information contained herein.
This book uses RepKover ™ , a durable and flexible lay-flat binding.
ISBN: 978-0-596-51884-4
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Chapter 1
Table of Contents
Preface
v
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.
SQL History and Implementations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
The Relational Model and ANSI SQL
2
History of the SQL Standard
10
SQL Dialects
14
2.
Foundational Concepts
16
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Database Platforms Described in This Book
16
Categories of Syntax
17
SQL2003 and Platform-Specific Datatypes
29
Constraints
50
3.
SQL Statement Command Reference
59
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
How to Use This Chapter
59
SQL Platform Support
60
SQL Command Reference
63
4.
SQL Functions
437
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Types of Functions
437
ANSI SQL Aggregate Functions
438
ANSI SQL Window Functions
455
ANSI SQL Scalar Functions
463
Platform-Specific Extensions
483
iii
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