Artificial Organs - Gerald E. Miller.pdf

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Artificial Organs
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Copyright © 2006 by Morgan & Claypool
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in
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printed reviews, without the prior permission of the publisher.
Artificial Organs
Gerald E. Miller
www.morganclaypool.com
ISBN: 1-598290-48-7 paper
ISBN: 1-598290-49-5 e-book
DOI: 10.2200/S00023ED1V01Y200604BME004
A Publication in the Morgan & Claypool Publishers’ series
SYNTHESIS LECTURES ON BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING
Lecture #4
First Edition
10987654321
Printed in the United States of America
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Artificial Organs
Gerald E. Miller
Virginia Commonwealth University
SYNTHESIS LECTURES ON BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING #4
& C
Morgan & Claypool Publishers
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ABSTRACT
The replacement or augmentation of failing human organs with artificial devices and systems
has been an important element in health care for several decades. Such devices as kidney
dialysis to augment failing kidneys, artificial heart valves to replace failing human valves, cardiac
pacemakers to reestablish normal cardiac rhythm, and heart assist devices to augment a weakened
human heart have assisted millions of patients in the previous 50 years and offers lifesaving
technology for tens of thousands of patients each year. Significant advances in these biomedical
technologies have continually occurred during this period, saving numerous lives with cutting
edge technologies. Each of these artificial organ systems will be described in detail in separate
sections of this lecture.
KEYWORDS
Artificial heart and ventricular assist, Artificial heart valve, Cardiac pacemaker,
Dialysis, Human heart and heart surgery, Human kidney
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Contents
1.
Artificial Heart Valves ......................................................... 1
1.1 Cardiac Anatomy and Pathophysiology .....................................1
1.2 Prosthetic Heart Valves ...................................................4
1.3 Evaluation of Prosthetic Valves ............................................9
2.
Artificial Heart and Cardiac Assist Devices . . . ................................. 11
2.1 Cardiac Anatomy and Pathophysiology ....................................11
2.2 Heart Assist Technology .................................................13
2.3 Evaluation of Blood Pumps ..............................................19
3.
Cardiac Pacemakers .......................................................... 27
3.1 Cardiac Electrophysiology ............................................... 27
3.2 The Electrocardiogram ..................................................27
3.3 Cardiac Pacemaker ......................................................31
3.4 Pacemaker Implantation .................................................39
3.5 Cardioverter............................................................40
4.
Dialysis ......................................................................43
4.1 The Nephron and Mass Transfer .........................................43
4.2 Dialysis Procedure and the Dialysis System . ...............................45
4.3 History of Dialysis ......................................................51
4.4 Dialyzer Cartridge Reuse ................................................52
5.
References ...................................................................57
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