Gender Mainstreaming.pdf

Gender Mainstreaming

in Practice:

A HANDBOOK

heviewsexpressedinthispublicationdonotnecessarilyrepresentthoseofthemembercountriesofUNDP’s

executive board or the institutions of the United Nations.

hereisnocopyrightattachedtothispublication.Itmaybereproducedinwholeorinpartwithoutpriorpermission

from the United Nations Development Programme. However, the source must be acknowledged.

hisHandbookwascommissionedbytheUNDPRegionalCentreforEuropeandtheCIS(UNDPRBEC).

2nd Edition, 2005.

1st edition published 2002.

Author: Astrida Neimanis

hispublicationisavailableinEnglishandRussian,andcanbefoundontheInternet:www.undp.sk/gender

All enquiries should be addressed to UNDP Regional Centre for Europe and the CIS

Address:

Grösslingova 35, 811 09, Bratislava, Slovak Republic

Tel: (+421-2) 5933-7111

Fax: (+421-2) 5933-7450

Email: registry.sk@undp.org

UNDP RBEC extends thanks to Anastasia Toropova and Nazira Shadyhanova, UNDP Kyrgyzstan, for their

assistance in preparation of this Handbook for publication.

Cover design and layout: Al Salam, Kyrgyzstan

Printed in Bratislava, Slovak Republic

ISBN: 92-95042-22-0

It is with great pleasure that we publish the second edition of Gender Mainstreaming in Practice: A

Handbook .

FOREWORD

Much has changed in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe and the CIS since the Handbook was rst

published in 2002. Several countries joined the European Union, and others anticipate their accession in the

coming years. Many have adopted and begun implementing gender mainstreaming policies. Laws continue to

be amended to better respond to the costs of gender inequality.

Despite this, baseline indicators of equality between men and women in these countries have for the most

part remained unchanged. While anecdotal evidence suggests that awareness of gender issues has increased

among decision-makers and (to a lesser extent, perhaps) the general public, this awareness needs to be more

fully translated into concrete improvements in the lives of women and men. New challenges constantly arise:

dramatic increases in HIV prevalence in parts of the region, natural disasters in others, widening gaps between

the rich and the poor in many countries, continued tracking in humans and narcotics, and other threats to

human security. Although women and men are aected dierently by these challenges, women bear the brunt

of many of them. Gender mainstreaming is as relevant as ever.

We are therefore publishing this revised and updated edition of the Handbook , in hopes that it will continue to

help policy-makers and others in the region address these and other policy issues from a gender perspective.

I would like to thank all those individuals who were instrumental in the creation of the rst and second

editions of the Handbook : Shahrbanou Tadjbakhsh, who originally saw the need to create this tool many years

ago; Astrida Neimanis, Miroslava Stricova, Zuzana Hlavacova and Galina Kalinaeva for their eorts in writing,

commenting on, editing and publishing the rst edition, and Dono Abdurazakova, for her ongoing dedication

to promoting gender equality in the region. I would also like to thank all gender focal points (past and present)

in UNDP country oces, as well as the many participants in training seminars on gender mainstreaming, whose

insightful comments and suggestions have allowed us to improve upon the Handbook in the second edition.

Ben Slay, Director

UNDP Regional Centre

Bratislava

PREFACE TO

THE SECOND

EDITION

Five years ago, gender mainstreaming was a relatively new concept in Central and Eastern Europe and the

CIS. Activists, policy makers and legislators who were concerned with securing greater equality between women

and men had made many advances in terms of putting women’s rights on the legislative agenda, but integrating

a gender perspective into all areas of policy and decision-making was lagging far behind. is was the main

impetus for creating Gender Mainstreaming in Practice: A Handbook.

When this handbook was rst tested with practitioners in the summer of 2001, the response was tremendous. At

that time, although UNDP Gender Focal Points and their government counterparts had been given the mandate

to initiate gender mainstreaming, most had little if any practical experience in the matter. is handbook was

therefore designed to meet their pressing need for practical, relevant guidance in gender mainstreaming that

was appropriate for the Central and Eastern European Region and the CIS.

Since the development of the rst edition of this handbook, it has been translated fully or partly into many local

languages, including Russian, Ukrainian, Latvian, Uzbek and Turkmen, with plans for an Armenian translation

underway. It has served as the main source material for numerous training seminars and workshops in the

region, and has served as the basis for the introduction of a short-term but mandatory course in the Academy

of Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation. Its users have included UNDP sta,

parliamentarians, civil servants, lawyers, academics, students, local government employees and NGO activists.

Moreover, it has been accessed on the internet and served as a model and example for other UN agencies and

in other regions of the world.

In order to continue to meet the demand for this tool, this second edition is now being published. While the

basic contents remain the same, several additions and changes have been made based on feedback from the

users of the handbook:

• ere has been great demand for more information and tools on gender analysis. erefore we have

substantially revised and expanded the material in the accompanying booklet Gender-Based Analysis: A

Brief Guide. e material is no longer presented in a separate brochure, but is now included in the main

book as an annex and includes additional tools and examples of gender analysis in practice.

• In using this Handbook, we have realized that one major obstacle to successful understanding of gender

mainstreaming is the lack of a "common language" to talk about the issues. Gender mainstreaming

oen uses terms and concepts that are unfamiliar to non-gender experts. erefore we have created and

included a Glossary of Key Terms and Concepts at the end of the Handbook.

• We have made updates to some of the substantive information provided in examples.

• Minor amendments have been made to the text in order to make the Handbook more user-friendly.

Despite these amendments, we recognize that this Handbook still remains only a starting point for practitioners

of gender mainstreaming. We look forward to your continued comments and feedback so that we can continue

to revise our gender mainstreaming tools in line with your needs.

We hope that this Handbook will remain a guide and inspiration for your work in making true equality

between men and women a reality!

Dono Abdurazakova

Regional Advisor on Gender, RBEC

Astrida Neimanis

Author and Editor

INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 7

TABLE

CONTENTS

PART I:

10 STEPS TO INTEGRATING GENDER

INTO THE POLICY-MAKING PROCESS ................................................................ 9

INTRODUCTION TO PART I ........................................................................................................................ 9

STEP 1: A Mainstreaming Approach to Stakeholders: Who are the Decision-Makers? .......................... 11

STEP 2: Mainstreaming a Gender Agenda: What is the Issue?.................................................................... 12

STEP 3: Moving Towards Gender Equality: What is the Goal? ................................................................... 13

STEP 4: Mapping the Situation: What Information do we Have? ............................................................... 13

STEP 5: Rening the Issue: Research and Analysis ....................................................................................... 18

STEP 6: Formulating Policy or Project Interventions from a Gender Perspective.................................... 19

STEP 7: Arguing Your Case: Gender Matters! ............................................................................................... 21

STEP 8: Monitoring: Keeping a (Gender-Sensitive) Eye on ings ............................................................ 24

STEP 9: Evaluation: How Did We Do? ............................................................................................................ 27

STEP 10: En-gendering Communication ....................................................................................................... 28

PART II:

GENDER BRIEFS: A SECTORAL APPROACH TO MAINSTREAMING ............... 31

INTRODUCTION TO PART II....................................................................................................................... 33

MACROECONOMICS AND TRADE............................................................................................................ 35

Objectives and Justication of Macroeconomic Policy................................................................................. 35

Reproductive Work ............................................................................................................................................ 37

Budgets ................................................................................................................................................................ 40

Trade Liberalization ........................................................................................................................................... 43

GOVERNANCE AND PARTICIPATON ....................................................................................................... 45

Governance and Participation at the National Level..................................................................................... 45

Local Governance: Decentralization, Community Planning and Service Provision ................................ 51

Governance and the Household/Family ......................................................................................................... 55

Participation and Governance in the Private Sector ..................................................................................... 57

LABOUR ............................................................................................................................................. 59

Economic Activity and Time Use: Productive and Reproductive Labour.................................................. 60

Unemployment, Job-seeking and Retraining ................................................................................................. 62

Occupational Segregation ................................................................................................................................. 64

Equal Opportunities and Discrimination ....................................................................................................... 66

Working Conditions and Family-Friendly Policies ....................................................................................... 68

EDUCATION ..................................................................................................................................................... 71

Equality in Enrolment and Completion Statistics ......................................................................................... 71

Structural Equality within the Teaching Profession ...................................................................................... 73

Gender Roles and Stereotypes: School Curricula and Teacher Training .................................................... 74

Parent Involvement in Education..................................................................................................................... 77

HEALTH ............................................................................................................................................................. 79

Life Expectancy .................................................................................................................................................. 79

Incidence of Disease and Other Health Problems ......................................................................................... 80

Reproductive and Sexual Health ...................................................................................................................... 82

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