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An Essay on Human Understanding
by John Locke
An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
by John Locke (First pubulished 1690)
is a publi-
cation of the Pennsylvania State University. This Portable Document file is furnished free
and without any charge of any kind. Any person using this document file, for any purpose,
and in any way does so at his or her own risk. Neither the Pennsylvania State University
nor Jim Manis, Faculty Editor, nor anyone associated with the Pennsylvania State University
assumes any responsibility for the material contained within the document or for the file as
an electronic transmission, in any way.
An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
by John Locke (First pubulished 1690)
,
the Penn-
sylvania State University,
Electronic Classics Series
, Jim Manis, Faculty Editor, Hazleton, PA
18201-1291 is a Portable Document File produced as part of an ongoing student publication
project to bring classical works of literature, in English, to free and easy access of those
wishing to make use of them.
Cover Design: Jim Manis
Copyright © 1999 The Pennsylvania State University
The Pennsylvania State University is an equal opportunity university.
Contents
AN ESSAY CONCERNING HUMAN UNDERSTANDING
(1690) ......................................................................... 6
EPISTLE TO THE READER ........................................................................................................................................... 9
INTRODUCTION: ........................................................................................................................................................ 22
BOOK I Neither Principles nor Ideas Are Innate ..................................................................................................... 27
Chapter I No Innate Speculative Principles ...................................................................................................................... 27
Chapter II No Innate Practical Principles ......................................................................................................................... 46
Chapter III Other considerations concerning Innate Principles, both Speculative and Practical .......................................... 67
BOOK II Of Ideas ....................................................................................................................................................... 86
Chapter I Of Ideas in general, and their Original .............................................................................................................. 86
Chapter II Of Simple Ideas ........................................................................................................................................... 101
Chapter III Of Simple Ideas of Sense ............................................................................................................................ 103
Chapter IV Idea of Solidity ........................................................................................................................................... 105
Chapter V Of Simple Ideas of Divers Senses ................................................................................................................ 109
Chapter VI Of Simple Ideas of Reflection ..................................................................................................................... 110
Chapter VII Of Simple Ideas of both Sensation and Reflection ...................................................................................... 110
Chapter VIII Some further considerations concerning our Simple Ideas of Sensation ...................................................... 114
Chapter IX Of Perception ............................................................................................................................................. 126
Chapter X Of Retention ................................................................................................................................................ 132
Chapter XI Of Discerning, and other operations of the Mind .......................................................................................... 138
Chapter XII Of Complex Ideas ..................................................................................................................................... 146
Chapter XIII Complex Ideas of Simple Modes:—and First, of the Simple Modes of the Idea of Space .......................... 150
Chapter XIV Idea of Duration and its Simple Modes ..................................................................................................... 165
Chapter XV Ideas of Duration and Expansion, considered together ............................................................................... 181
Chapter XVI Idea of Number ....................................................................................................................................... 189
Chapter XVII Of Infinity ............................................................................................................................................... 193
Chapter XVIII Other Simple Modes ............................................................................................................................. 208
Chapter XIX Of the Modes of Thinking ........................................................................................................................ 211
Chapter XX Of Modes of Pleasure and Pain ................................................................................................................. 214
Chapter XXI Of Power ................................................................................................................................................ 218
Chapter XXII Of Mixed Modes ................................................................................................................................... 270
Chapter XXIII Of our Complex Ideas of Substances ..................................................................................................... 277
Chapter XXIV Of Collective Ideas of Substances ......................................................................................................... 300
Chapter XXV Of Relation ............................................................................................................................................ 302
Chapter XXVI Of Cause and Effect, and other Relations ............................................................................................... 307
Chapter XXVII Of Identity and Diversity ...................................................................................................................... 311
Chapter XXVIII Of Other Relations ............................................................................................................................. 333
Chapter XXIX Of Clear and Obscure, Distinct and Confused Ideas .............................................................................. 345
Chapter XXX Of Real and Fantastical Ideas ................................................................................................................. 355
Chapter XXXI Of Adequate and Inadequate Ideas ....................................................................................................... 358
Chapter XXXII Of True and False Ideas ....................................................................................................................... 368
Chapter XXXIII Of the Association of Ideas ................................................................................................................. 379
BOOK III Of Words .................................................................................................................................................. 387
Chapter I Of Words or Language in General ................................................................................................................. 387
Chapter II Of the Signification of Words ........................................................................................................................ 389
Chapter III Of General Terms ....................................................................................................................................... 394
Chapter IV Of the Names of Simple Ideas .................................................................................................................... 406
Chapter V Of the Names of Mixed Modes and Relations .............................................................................................. 415
Chapter VI Of the Names of Substances ....................................................................................................................... 425
Chapter VII Of Particles ............................................................................................................................................... 459
Chapter VIII Of Abstract and Concrete Terms .............................................................................................................. 462
Chapter IX Of the Imperfection of Words ..................................................................................................................... 464
Chapter X Of the Abuse of Words ................................................................................................................................ 479
Chapter XI Of the Remedies of the Foregoing Imperfections and Abuses of Words ....................................................... 499
BOOK IV Of Knowledge and Probability ................................................................................................................ 515
Chapter I Of Knowledge in General .............................................................................................................................. 515
Chapter II Of the Degrees of our Knowledge ................................................................................................................ 520
Chapter III Of the Extent of Human Knowledge ............................................................................................................ 529
Chapter IV Of the Reality of Knowledge ....................................................................................................................... 553
Chapter V Of Truth in General ...................................................................................................................................... 565
Chapter VI Of Universal Propositions: Their Truth and Certainty .................................................................................... 571
Chapter VII Of Maxims ................................................................................................................................................ 583
Chapter VIII Of Trifling Propositions ............................................................................................................................. 602
Chapter IX Of our Threefold Knowledge of Existence ................................................................................................... 611
Chapter X Of our Knowledge of the Existence of a God ............................................................................................... 612
Chapter XI Of our Knowledge of the Existence of Other Things .................................................................................... 624
Chapter XII Of the Improvement of our Knowledge ...................................................................................................... 633
Chapter XIII Some Further Considerations Concerning our Knowledge ........................................................................ 644
Chapter XIV Of Judgment ............................................................................................................................................ 646
Chapter XV Of Probability ........................................................................................................................................... 648
Chapter XVI Of the Degrees of Assent ......................................................................................................................... 652
Chapter XVII Of Reason .............................................................................................................................................. 663
Chapter XVIII Of Faith and Reason, and their Distinct Provinces .................................................................................. 685
Chapter XIX Of Enthusiasm ......................................................................................................................................... 693
Chapter XXOf Wrong Assent, or Error ......................................................................................................................... 703
Chapter XXI Of the Division of the Sciences ................................................................................................................. 717
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