Paediatric Radiography.pdf

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Paediatric Radiography
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Paediatric Radiography
Maryann Hardy
MSc, BSc(Hons), DCR
Stephen Boynes
MSc, BSc(Hons), TDCR
School of Health Studies, University of Bradford, UK
Blackwell
Science
 
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© 2003 by Blackwell Science Ltd,
a Blackwell Publishing Company
Editorial Offices:
9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK
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First published 2003 by Blackwell Science Ltd
Library of Congress
Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Hardy, Maryann.
Paediatric radiography/Maryann Hardy,
Stephen Boynes.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-632-05631-2 (hbk.)
1. Pediatric radiography. 2. Diagnostic
imaging. 3. Pediatrics. I. Title: Pediatric
radiography. II. Boynes, Stephen. III. Title.
RJ51.R3 .H37 2003
618.92¢07572–dc21
2002038606
ISBN 0-632-05631-2
The right of the Author to be identified as the
Author of this Work has been asserted in
accordance with the Copyright, Designs and
Patents Act 1988.
A catalogue record for this title is available from the
British Library
Set in 10/12.5 pt Palatino
by SNP Best-set Typesetter Ltd, Hong Kong
Printed and bound in Great Britain by
Ashford Colour Press Ltd, Gosport
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may
be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted, in any form or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or
otherwise, except as permitted by the UK
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without
the prior permission of the publisher.
For further information on
Blackwell Publishing, visit our website:
www.blackwellpublishing.com
 
Contents
Preface
ix
Acknowledgements
xi
1 Understanding childhood
1
Physical growth
2
Psychological and cognitive development
4
Birth to 3 years
4
3 to 7 years
4
7 to 11 years
5
Adolescents
5
Role of family
6
Role of play
7
Summary
8
References
8
2 Consent, immobilisation and health care law
9
Children’s rights
9
Health care law
10
Immobilisation versus restraint
11
Holding children still – a five-point model
12
Summary
18
References
19
3Radiation protection
21
Ionising radiation regulations
21
Patient positioning
22
Field size and beam limitation
23
Protective shielding
23
Radiographic exposure parameters
25
Focal spot size
25
Tube filtration
26
Voltage
26
Anti-scatter grids
26
Screen film systems
26
Digital systems
27
Automatic exposure control
27
Automatic brightness control
27
Summary
27
References
28
iii
 
iv Contents
4 The chest and upper respiratory tract
29
Structural and functional anatomy
29
The thorax, lungs and respiratory tract
29
The thymus
30
The heart
30
Pathology of the chest and upper respiratory tract
30
The upper/extra-thoracic airway
30
The lower/intra-thoracic airway
35
The chest wall and pleura
41
Radiographic technique for the chest and upper respiratory tract
50
Choice of projection
51
Antero-posterior (supine)
52
Antero-posterior (erect)
53
Postero-anterior (erect)
54
Radiographic assessment criteria for antero-posterior/
postero-anterior projections of the chest
54
Area of interest to be included on the radiograph
54
Rotation
55
Lordosis
55
Respiration
57
Exposure
57
Artefacts
57
Supplementary radiographic projections of the chest and
upper respiratory tract
57
Lateral chest
57
Lateral decubitus (antero-posterior)
58
Lateral soft tissue neck
59
Post-nasal space
60
Exposure factors and radiation protection
61
Summary
61
References
62
5 The abdomen
63
Anne-Marie Dixon
Structural and functional anatomy
63
Gastrointestinal system
63
Genitourinary system
64
Gastrointestinal pathology
64
Congenital pyloric stenosis
64
Intussusception
65
Appendicitis
67
Hernia
67
Gastroesophageal reflux
67
Meckel’s diverticulum
67
 

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