- school attendance is compulsory from the age of 6 to 15
- children can attend state( the majority), private or church school
- education in state school up to 18 is free of charge, private and church schools charge school fees
- children do not wear uniforms, handicapped children are educated separately
- the school year starts on 1st September and ends on 30th June, the school year is divided into 2 terms
- the average number of lessons: secondary school 30 hrs/week, primary school have fewer lessons, specialized schools often have more
- classes begin between 8 and 8.15, breaks between the lessons last from 5 to 15 min.
- pupils and students are evaluated by marks from 1 to 5, each term ended by school report with marks from compulsory and elective subjects
- education in our school includes these stages; pre-school, primary, secondary and tertiary
Creches- for children up to 3 years of age
- not many children attend it but quite a lot of them attend kindergartens
- children attend it from the age of 6 to 15, at the age of 15 pupils transfer to secondary school
- pupils can choose a variety of schools: grammar schools (academic education, it prepare children for university study), special schools (technical colleges, specialized in building, chemistry etc., business academies, agricultural, nursing, music and arts schools, they offer professional education), vocational schools ( workers for practical jobs)
- it usually lasts for 4 years, at grammar and specialized schools it is finished with a school-leaving examination (it is taken in 4 subjects at grammar schools and in 5 or more subjects at specialzed schools), the examination is held in May, it is oral expect Czech in which an essay is written, a student choose one of 25 to 30 topics by drawing a number, after 15 min preparation he speaks on the topic, after he receive the School-leaving certificate
- tertiary education which lasts from 4 to 6 years, it is necessary to pass an entrance examination in the subjects in which the university specializes, the examination consists of a written test and an interview
- our oldest university is Charles University in Prague, founded by Charles IV. In 1348, other universities: Masaryk University in Brno, Palacký University in Olomouc and Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem
- the pupils can study a variety of subjects as economics, foreign trade, architecture etc. At various schools School of Economic, Law, Medical or Science faculty
- students can enroll at 3 year courses for a Bachelor s Degree or 4 and 5 year courses for a Master s Degree
- it is finished with a state examination, undergraduate has to write a thesis in order to receive a diploma
- Doctoral Degrees- awarded after another few years of study
- the students from distant places usually lodge at a hall of residence, a limited number of students get a grant or a scholarship, it exists 2-year training courses
- full time education is compulsory for all children between the ages of 5 and 16
- over 90% of all school children attend public schools, they are free of charge, it exists also fee-paying independent schools (7% of children)
- boys and girls are taught together in most primary and secondary schools, the majority of private secondary schools are single-sex
- the school year begins in early September and ends in the following July, it is divided into 3 terms of around 13 weeks each
- school uniforms are worn in most private and many state secondary schools
- the school day begins between 8 and 9 a.m. and ends around 4 p.m., it includes long morning, lunch and afternoon break
- the state system of education is divided into 4 stages: pre-school and primary, secondary, further and higher education
- children with special educational needs are educated in ordinary schools, most children of minority ethnic communities share the same schools as the British children
- it is provided by nursery and primary schools
- compulsory education begins at 5, when children go to infant schools (learning through experience, through drawing, painting, musical activities etc., children learn to read, write, do simple counting
- at 7 many children move to junior schools, where the work is more systematic, the usual age for transfer from primary to secondary school is 11
- then there are also first schools (it take pupils aged 5 to 8,9, or 10), pupils within 8- 14 age range go to middle schools
- 90% of state secondary school pupils go to Comprehensive schools ( most of them is very large and vary in size, 900 to 1500 pupils is the most common)- academic and practical education, they také children of all abilities
- 4 % attend Grammar Schools- children enter at the age of 11 on basis of their abilities, it offer mainly academic education
- 6 % attend Secondary Modern Schools- general education, up to the age of 16
- 65 % receive some form of further education
- it is provided by: the top 2 classes of a comprehensive and grammar school and by independent six-form colleges (schools which provide academic and non-academic education beyond the General Certificate of Secondary Education = GCSE) and terciary colleges (they offer a range of full-time and part-time vocational courses, it is more academic)
- 30% go into full-time higher education
- it includes universities, teacher training colleges and other colleges of technology, art etc.
- Britain has 89 universities and 70 other institutions
- the oldest British universities are Oxford and Cambridge in England, in Scotland- St. Andrews, Glasgow, Aberdeen and Edinburgh
- other universities founded in 19th century are Bristol, Liverpool, York, Birmingham etc.
- there were 2 waves of opening new universities after World War II. (in 1960, 1990s)
- the Open University is main distance-learning institution for adults
- university courses last between 2 and 4 years (sandwich courses- include a period of work experience outside of institution)
- degree titles vary according to the practise of each university, Bachelors Degree is given to students who pass examinations at the end of 3 or 4 years of study, Masters Degree may be obtained by attending a postgraduate course or by writing a paper, or thesis, the Degree of Ph.D. (Doctor of Philosophy) is given for a thesis both in humanities and science
- introduced by the Government in state schools, the object is to make the education more relevant to the working environment and to improve skills in science, technology and modern languages
- pupils in their last year of compulsory schooling are encouraged to undertake a period of work experience as part of their education
- National Curriculum defines 10 statutory subjects: 3 “core” subjects (English, mathematics and science) and 7 “foundation” subjects (information technology, history, geography, music, art, PE, modern foreign language); and it defines 4 key stages: infants (up to age 7), juniors (7- 11), pre-GCSE (11- 14), preparation for GCSE and equivalent vocational pathways (14- 16)
- all children in key stages 1.-3. must study the first 9 of statutory subjects, in 3. Key stage they must also study modern foreign language, pupils aged 14 to 16 must study the core subjects, technology, a modern foreign language, PE, history or geography
- General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE), General Certificate of Education (GCE) Advanced (A) level- taken after 2 years of study in 2 or 3 subjects, Advanced Supplementary (AS), the General National Vocational Qualification (GNVQ)
- about 7% attend independent or private schools not funded by the state, these schools charge high tuition fees
- most independent schools for younger pupils are mixed, but the majority of private secondary schools are single-sex, most schools require school uniforms
- Public schools- accept pupils at the age of about 13, Preparatory schools prepare children for entry to the public schools
- public schools: Eton, Harrow, Winchester, Rugby, Westminster, St. Peter, St. Alban
- most of them are boarding schools, they have about 500 pupils, some public schools are called “Colleges”
- many independent schools follow the National Curriculum, their pupils do not have to pass tests, the quality of individual schools varies
- education is mainly the responsibility of the individual states
- all schools are controlled by an elected local body known as the “school board” (voted by parents, very powerful, the quality of a school often depends on it) and by the city and state in which the school is located, there is quite a large difference between schools in different cities and states
- the majority of all schools are public school- financed by the state, free of charge; then there are private schools- they charge high tuition fees, they are attended by children of the rich, private schools financed by religious groups are much cheaper
- all public schools are mixed, some private or church schools are single-sex
- the beginning of the school year may vary from mid-August to mid-September and ends in May or June, at some schools year is divided into 3 terms and at other into quarters, after each term children get a report card and at the end of year they get a transcript
- the school day usually begins at 8 or 9 a.m. and ends around 3 p.m., it includes a lunch break and sometimes free hours during the day
- school uniforms are worn only in private schools
- school attendance is mandatory in the USA from 6 until the age of 16)
- the system of education is divided into pre-school and elementary, secondary and higher education
- it includes nursery schools and kindergartens which are up to age 5 and 6
- most of them are private, many public schools have kindergartens attached, for the age group between 5 and 6 which do not charge any money
- compulsory education begins at the age of 6, both the elementary and secondary education is comprehensive (there is no selection of children for various types of schools
- years in USA are called grades, so elementary school lasts from 1st until 5th grade
- the children at an elementary school learn to read, write, do arithmetic, elementary science, history, geography, PE, arts and crafts and music
- over 90% of students continue in school until the age of 18
- it is provided by Middle Schools (from 11 to 14 years) and by Junior High (12 to 15) and High School (15 to 18)
- in some places you may have the opportunity to attend a specialized school (for science, the navy…)
- some schools also offer different programs of study, some give an opportunity to choose a level of academic study
- high schools organize much activity outside the classroom, they are comprehensive, coeducational, some schools may offer specialized courses or subjects
- institutions of higher education are divided into Community Colleges, Vo-techs, Universities and Colleges and Technical Colleges
- Community Colleges- general, vocational and semi-professional education for people with a High School Diploma, after 2 years graduates are awarded Associate of Arts degree
- Vo-techs- vocational-technical education in the courses from 6 months to 2 years
- Universities and Colleges- students are selected on the basis of the high-school transcript, they offer undergraduate courses of 4 years of study , Bachelors degree is given to students after succesful completion of 4 years study, Masters degrees is awarded in humanities and science after 1 to 3 years courses, Doctoral Degrees after 2 to 5 years of study
- the oldest and most respected universities in the USA (usually private) are: Harvard, Yale University, College of William and Mary, Un.of Pennsylvania, Princeton un., College of Columbia- they are very old
- 25% of all universities and colleges are private ones, each university has its own curriculum, undergraduate must select their “major” ( the field in which they want to get their degree) and certain number of electives or one minor subject
- there exist special schools, courses or programmes ( for children and adults with special needs, physically or developmentally disabled, single mothers, old people etc.)
- basically it is possible to say that within the US educational system anyone can study anything at any age
- the basic school leaving qualification is usually the High School Diploma, another is General Education Diploma ( awarded after passing an examination), there is no national school-leaving examination but there is a national examination used to help selsect students for college or university entrance, it is the ...
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