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ICCROM - A History of Architectural Conservation
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Contents
Abstract—4
Acknowledgements—4
Introduction—6
Chapter Six: Neoclassicism and the
Picturesque —82
6.1. Archaeological Interests in the Age of
Enlightenment—82
6.2 Archaeological Discoveries in Italy—83
6.3. J.J. Winckelmann—85
6.4. Publications about Antiquities—91
D. Le Roy, R. Wood, G. Vasi—93
6.5. English Aesthetic Theories—94
6.6 Restoration of Paintings—98
6.7. Restoration of Classical Monuments in Italy—100
Notes to Chapter Six: —103
P ART O NE : E ARLY A PPROACH TO
C ONSERVATION —10
Chapter One: Beginnings in the
Renaissance —11
1.1 Early Approach—11
1.2 Filippo Brunelleschi—11
1.3 Humanists—12
1.4 Poets—12
1.5 Painters—13
Notes to Chapter One—13
Chapter Seven: The French Revolution —
115
7.1 Destruction—115
7.2 Orders for Protection—115
Notes to Chapter Seven: —119
Chapter Two: Fifteenth-Century
Architectural Treatises —15
2.1 Vitruvius Rediscovered—15
2.2 L.B. Alberti—16
2.3 Filarete—18
2.4 Francesco di Giorgio Martini—19
2.5 Leonardo da Vinci—20
Notes to Chapter Two—21
P ART T WO : F IVE C ASE S TUDIES —122
Chapter Eight: Case Study Italy,
Restoration in Rome —123
8.1 Conservation in the Papal States, 1800-1809—123
8.2 The French Period in Rome, 1809-1814—130
8.3 Conservation in the Papal States after 1814—134
Notes to Chapter Eight:—141
Chapter Three: Early Practice and
Protection —24
3.1. Protective Measures before the Renaissance—24
3.2. Condition of Buildings in Rome at the End of the
Middle Ages—25
3.3. Treatment of Buildings in the Fifteenth Century—
26
3.4. Collections and Restoration of Objects—34
3.5. Architectural Treatises in the 16th Century—37
3.6. Treatment of Buildings in the 16th Century—38
Notes to Chapter Three—47
Chapter Nine: Case Study Greece,
Restoration in Athens —149
9.1 Restoration in the Nineteenth Century—149
9.2 Protection of Ancient Monuments—151
Notes to Chapter Nine—163
Chapter Ten: Case Study England,
Restoration of Durham Cathedral —168
10.1 First Period of Restoration—169
10.2 Wyatt – Morpeth—173
10.3 John Carter—176
10.4 Restoration after Wyatt—180
10.5 G. Waddington and A. Salvin—182
10.6 Sir George Gilbert Scott—185
Notes to Chapter Ten—186
Chapter Four: Seventeenth Century —55
4.1. Archaeological interest and collections—62
4.2. Giovan Pietro Bellori—63
4.3. Restoration of Classical Monuments—66
Notes to Chapter Four: —69
Chapter Eleven: Case Study Germanic
Countries, Restoration of Magdeburg
Cathedral —192
11.1 The Cathedral; Historical Background—193
11.2 Restoration of the Cathedral—194
Notes to Chapter Eleven—203
Chapter Five: Treatment of Mediaeval
Buildings after the Reformation —75
5.1 The Reformation—75
Notes to Chapter Five—80
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J. Jokilehto
Chapter Twelve: Case Study France,
Restoration of la Madeleine, Vézelay —210
12.1 French administration—211
12.2 The Restoration of La Madeleine, Vézelay—211
12.3 Eugène Viollet-le-Duc—213
Notes to Chapter Twelve—221
Chapter Eighteen: Restoration Inluences
in Italy —329
18.1 Stylistic Restoration in Italy—329
18.2 The Conservation Movement in Italy—332
18.3 ‘Restauro ilologico’ in Italy—335
18.4 ‘Restauro Storico’ in Italy—343
18.5 G. Giovannoni,‘Restauro Scientiico’—351
Notes to Chapter Eighteen—356
P ART T HREE : D EVELOPMENT OF
C ONSERVATION T HEORIES —230
Chapter Nineteen: Germanic Countries,
‘Denkmalkultus —372
19.1 Early Protection in Austrian Empire—372
19.2 Conservation in Germanic Countries—372
19.3 Die Denkmaltage—376
19.4 Alois Riegl—378
Notes to Chapter Nineteen—383
Chapter Thirteen: Restoration of Classical
Monuments —231
13.1 Principles during the French Revolution—231
13.2 Restoration of Classical Mon. in Papal State—231
13.3 Restoration of Classical Mon. in France—233
13.4 Restoration of Classical Mon. in Greece—234
Notes to Chapter Thirteen—234
Chapter Twenty: International Concern in
Cultural Heritage —389
20.1 Protection in Other Countries—389
20.2 Conservation Movement in France—394
20.3 International Developments—397
20.4 International Meeting at Athens, 1931—399
Notes to Chapter Twenty—401
Chapter Fourteen: English
Antiquarianism —235
14.1 English Connections with the Classicism—235
14.2 James Essex and the Gothic—235
14.3 Restorations by James Wyatt—236
14.4 John Carter—237
Notes to Chapter Fourteen—239
Chapter Twenty One: Towards
International Guidelines —409
21.1 The Second World War—409
21.2 ‘Restauro Critico’ in Italy—412
21.3 International Recommendations—419
Notes to Chapter Twenty One—423
Chapter Fifteen: Early Restoration in
Germanic Countries —242
15.1. German Nationalism & Hist. Monuments—242
15.2 K.F. Schinkel and State Care—248
15.3 F. v. Quast, State Conservator—255
Notes to Chapter Fifteen—258
Appendices
Libraries, Archives, Sources—430
Bibliography—431
List of Illustrations—453
Resolution of Congress in Rome, 1883—464
Italian Norms for Restoration, 1932—474
Chapter Sixteen: France, Stylistic
Restoration —266
16.1 Early Efforts in Conservation—266
16.2 Organization and Administration—267
16.3 Discussion on Principles in France—272
16.4 Viollet-le-Duc, ‘Stylistic Restoration’—277
Notes to Chapter Sixteen—284
Chapter Seventeen: England, Morality and
Restoration —291
17.1. The Gothic Revival and Restoration—291
17.2 Sir George Gilbert Scott—298
17.3 John Ruskin—304
17.4 The Anti-Restoration Movement—314
Notes to Chapter Seventeen—321
A History of Architectural Conservation
Page 3
Jukka Ilmari JOKILEHTO
A HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION
D.Phil. Thesis, I.A.A.S., YORK 1986
ABSTRACT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The aim of the study has been to investigate the
history and development of major national European
philosophies, i.e. those in Italy, England, France and
Germanic countries, in respect to historic buildings,
monuments and sites, the cross fertilization of these
ideas and principles, and their contribution towards
an international approach in the treatment of historic
structures. Five case studies have been examined
in depth for examples in the treatment of historic
buildings; these are the Colosseum (Rome), the
temple of Athena Nike (Athens), Durham Cathedral
(England), Magdeburg Cathedral (Prussia) and the
Madeleine in Vézelay (France). The study extends
from the Italian Renaissance over to the period
following the Second World War, and distinguishes
between the traditional approach to the treatment
of historic monuments, the ‘romantic restoration’
established in the Italian Renaissance and developed
particularly in the nineteenth century (Schinkel,
Scott, Mérimée, Viollet-le-Duc), the ‘conservation
movement’ emphasizing the material authenticity and
documentary value of the monument (Ruskin, Morris,
Boito), and the modern conservation theory which is
based on a critical historical evaluation of the work
of art in its aesthetic, historical and use values (Riegl,
Argan, Brandi), and is relected in the Venice Charter
(1964) and in the policy of ICCROM and ICOMOS.
This study was made possible due to the
encouragement and generous support, in all phases of
the work, by my tutors Dr Derek Linstrum, who helped
to deine and develop the subject and the structure of
the thesis instructing in the methods of research and
in typographical and linguistic problems, and Sir
Bernard Feilden, Director Emeritus of ICCROM,
who had the study accepted as an oficial project at
ICCROM including a sabatical period of archival
study, and who continuously gave his warm support
and practical assistance to the work.
My work at ICCROM as the coordinator of training
in architectural conservation and the personal contacts
with the work of restoration and conservation in many
countries has been the main reason for my undertaking
the study. I am particularly grateful to Professor Paul
Philippot, Director Emeritus of ICCROM, for his
inspiring lectures and many interesting discussions
through which I was introduced to a critical
appreciation of conservation theory and practice, as
well as for his comments and advice on this study.
I am thankful to the present Director of ICCROM
Professor Cevat Erder for his critical archaeological
insight, his insistence on the correct interpretation of
conservation theory, as well as for his support to the
work.
The close collaboration with the Scuola di
Perfezionamento per lo Studio ed il Restauro dei
Monumenti of the University of Rome and its
founding Director Professor Guglielmo De Angelis
d’Ossat, under whose direction the programmes of
the International Architectural Conservation Course
were developed, has helped me to form a basis and a
broad historical critical understanding of the subject.
During the several years of study, there have been
many who directly or indirectly have contributed
toward the completion of the study. I want to take
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J. Jokilehto
the opportunity to thank them all, and particularly
the following friends and colleagues: AUSTRIA: Dr
Hans Foramitti (+)(Former Chief, Photogrammetry
Dpt, Bundesdenkmalamt, Vienna), Dr Manfred
Koller (Chief Conservator, Bundesdenkmalamt,
Vienna) Dr Gertrude Tripp (Former Director,
Bundesdenkmalamt, Vienna), BELGIUM: Professor
André De Naeyer (Nationaal Hoger Instituut voor
Bouwkunst en Stedebouw, Antverp), Mr Jef Malliet
(Research Fellow, ICCROM), DDR: Professor Hans
Berger (Former Director, Institut für Denkmalplege,
Arbeitstelle Halle), Professor Ludwig Deiters (Gener
alkonservator,Institut für die Denkmalplege, Berlin),
Dr Peter Findeisen (Institut für Denkmalplege,
Arbeitstelle Halle), Professor Hans Nadler (Director,
Institut für Denkmalplege, Arbeitstelle Dresden),
Professor Wolf Schubert (+) (Former Surveyor of
Naumburg Cathedral), Dr Helmut Stelzer (Director,
Institut für Denkmalplege, Arbeitstelle Halle),
DENMARK: Mr Bue Beck (Copenhagen), Professor
Steen Bjarnhof (Copenhagen), Dr Ida Haugstedt
(Kunstakademiets Bibliotek, Copenhagen), Professor
Michael Ottosen (School of Architecture, Aarhus),
Professor Vilhelm Wohlert (Royal Academy,
Copenhagen), ENGLAND: Mr Ian Curry (Surveyor,
Durham Cathedral), Mr Patrick A. Faulkner (Former
Chief Architect, DoE), Mr John Franklin (Director,
IBR, Rome), Mr R. Gilyard-Beer (+)(Former Chief
Inspector, DoE), Mr Gordon Michell (London),
Mrs Phyllis Richardson (Durham), Mrs Katherine
Venning (Durham), FINLAND: Mrs Maija
Kairamo (Museovirasto, Helsinki), Mr Pekka Kärki
(Museovirasto, Helsinki), Mrs Marja-Terttu Knapas
(Museovirasto, Helsinki), Professor Henrik Lilius
(Former Director, Institutum Romanum Finlandiae,
Rome), Professor Veikko Litzen (Former Director,
Institutum Romanum Finlandiae, Rome), Professor
Aarno Ruusuvuori (Helsinki), Professor Heikki Solin
(Former Director, Institutum Romanum Finlandiae,
Rome), Dr Margareta Steinby (Former Director,
Institutum Romanum Finlandiae, Rome), Dr Leena
Talvio (Institutum Romanum Finlandiae, Rome),
Ms Eeva-Maija Viljo (Finnish Academy, Helsinki),
FRANCE: Professor Maurice Carbonnell (Institut
Géographique Nationale, Paris), Mrs Colette Di
Matteo (Chief Inspector, Ministère de la Culture), Mr
Bruno Donzet (Centre d’Etudes, Palais de Chaillot,
Paris) GERMANY, FED.REP.: Dr Werner Bornheim
gen. Schilling (Rhineland), Ms Ingrid Brock (Rome),
Professor Edgar Schultze (Aachen) GREECE: Mrs
Fane Mallouchos (Ofice for the Conservation of
the Acropolis, Athens), Dr Nicholas Th. Cholevas
(University of Athens), Dr Jordan Dimacopoulos
(Ministry of Culture and Sciences, Athens) ITALY:
Mr Alejandro Alva (ICCROM), Professor Renato
Bonelli (University of Rome), Professor Cesare
Brandi (Former Director, Istituto Centrale del
Restauro, Rome), Professor Andrea Bruno (Turin),
Professor Giovanni Carbonara (University of Rome),
Professor Maria-Grazia Cerri (Former Soprintendente
of Piedmont), Mr Carlo Cesari (City Planner,
Ferrara), Professor Carlo Ceschi (+)(University of
Rome), Professor Piero Gazzola (+)(Former Chief
Inspector, Direzione Generale delle Belle Arti,
Rome), Mr Francesco Giovanetti (Municipality
of Rome), Mrs Ornella Marta (+) and Mr Roberto
Marta (Consultant to ICCROM), Mr Giangiacomo
Martines (Soprintendenza archeologica, Rome),
Professor Laura Sbordoni-Mora and Professor Paolo
Mora (Chief Conservators, Istituto Centrale del
Restauro, Rome), Professor Gino Pavan (Former
Soprintendente for Ravenna and Sorli), Mr Sergio
Pucci (Photograper, Rome), Mr Franco Rigamonti
(Photographer, Rome), Mrs Anne Tango (Interpreter,
Rome), Ms Jeanne-Marie Teutonico (Consultant to
ICCROM), Professor Giuseppe Zander (Fabbrica
di San Pietro, The Vatican). LUXEMBOURG: Dr
Blanche Weicherding-Goergen (Luxembourg),
YUGOSLAVIA: Professor Tomislav Marasovic (Co-
Director, Centre for Urban and Conservation Studies,
Split), Mrs Svetlana Marjanovic (+), Professor Anika
Skovran (Belgrade).
I would further like to express my appreciation for
the assistance of the personnel of the libraries and
archives used for the study. Particularly I would like
to remember Mr Keith Parker (Library of I.A.A.S.,
York), Ms Marie-Christine Uginet (ICCROM Library)
and the personnel of the Biblioteca Hertziana, Rome,
where I have studied longest.
At the end, I want to express special thanks to my
parents for their moral support during the study, to
my sons Darius (6) and Dara (4) for their patience in
waiting for their father to liberate himself from the
studio, and particularly to my wife architect Mehr-
Azar Soheil, herself specialised in the conservation
of cultural heritage, for her advice, her assistance and
her loving care during the many years of the work.
A History of Architectural Conservation
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