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A History of China

The Project Gutenberg EBook of A History of China, by Wolfram Eberhard This eBook is for the use of

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Title: A History of China

Author: Wolfram Eberhard

Release Date: February 28, 2004 [EBook #11367]

Language: English

Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1

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Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Gene Smethers and PG Distributed Proofreaders

[Transcriber's Note: The following text contains numerous non-English words containing diacritical marks not

contained in the ASCII character set. Characters accented by those marks, and the corresponding text

representations are as follows (where x represents the character being accented). All such symbols in this text

above the character being accented:

breve (u-shaped symbol): [)x] caron (v-shaped symbol): [vx] macron (straight line): [=x] acute (égu) accent:

['x]

Additionally, the author has spelled certain words inconsistently. Those have been adjusted to be consistent

where possible. Examples of such adjustments are as follows:

From To Northwestern North-western Southwards Southward Programme Program re-introduced

reintroduced practise practice Lotos Lotus Ju-Chên Juchên cooperate co-operate life-time lifetime man-power

manpower favor favour etc.

In general such changes are made to be consistent with the predominate usage in the text, or if there was not a

predominate spelling, to the more modern.]

A HISTORY OF CHINA

WOLFRAM EBERHARD

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

THE EARLIEST TIMES

Chapter I

: PREHISTORY

1 Sources for the earliest history 2 The Peking Man 3 The Palaeolithic Age 4 The Neolithic Age 5 The eight

principal prehistoric cultures 6 The Yang-shao culture 7 The Lung-shan culture 8 The first petty States in

Shansi

Chapter II

: THE SHANG DYNASTY ( c . 1600-1028 B.C.)

1 Period, origin, material culture 2 Writing and Religion 3 Transition to feudalism

ANTIQUITY

Chapter III

: THE CHOU DYNASTY ( c . 1028-257 B.C.)

1 Cultural origin of the Chou and end of the Shang dynasty 2 Feudalism in the new empire 3 Fusion of Chou

and Shang 4 Limitation of the imperial power 5 Changes in the relative strength of the feudal states 6

Confucius 7 Lao Tz[)u]

Chapter IV

: THE CONTENDING STATES (481-256 B.C.): DISSOLUTION OF THE FEUDAL SYSTEM

1 Social and military changes 2 Economic changes 3 Cultural changes

Chapter V

: THE CH'IN DYNASTY (256-207 B.C.)

1 Towards the unitary State 2 Centralization in every field 3 Frontier Defence. Internal collapse

Chapter V

THE MIDDLE AGES

Chapter VI

: THE HAN DYNASTY (206 B.C.-A.D. 220)

1 Development of the gentry-state 2 Situation of the Hsiung-nu empire; its relation to the Han empire.

Incorporation of South China 3 Brief feudal reaction. Consolidation of the gentry 4 Turkestan policy. End of

the Hsiung-nu empire 5 Impoverishment. Cliques. End of the Dynasty 6 The pseudo-socialistic dictatorship.

Revolt of the "Red Eyebrows" 7 Reaction and Restoration: the Later Han dynasty 8 Hsiung-nu policy 9

Economic situation. Rebellion of the "Yellow Turbans". Collapse of the Han dynasty 10 Literature and Art

Chapter VII

: THE EPOCH OF THE FIRST DIVISION OF CHINA (A.D. 220-580)

(A) The three kingdoms (A.D. 220-265) 1 Social, intellectual, and economic problems during the period of the

first division 2 Status of the two southern Kingdoms 3 The northern State of Wei

(B) The Western Chin dynasty (265-317) 1 Internal situation in the Chin empire 2 Effect on the frontier

peoples 3 Struggles for the throne 4 Migration of Chinese 5 Victory of the Huns. The Hun Han dynasty (later

renamed the Earlier Chao dynasty)

eastern North China (Hun; 329-352) 2 Earlier Yen dynasty in the north-east (proto-Mongol; 352-370), and the

Earlier Ch'in dynasty in all north China (Tibetan; 351-394) 3 The fragmentation of north China 4 Sociological

analysis of the two great alien empires 5 Sociological analysis of the petty States 6 Spread of Buddhism

(D) The Toba empire in North China (A.D. 385-550) 1 The rise of the Toba State 2 The Hun kingdom of the

Hsia (407-431) 3 Rise of the Toba to a great power 4 Economic and social conditions 5 Victory and retreat of

Buddhism

(E) Succession States of the Toba (A.D. 550-580): _Northern Ch'i dynasty, Northern Chou dynasty_ 1

Reasons for the splitting of the Toba empire 2 Appearance of the (Gök) Turks 3 The Northern Ch'i dynasty;

the Northern Chou dynasty

(F) The southern empires 1 Economic and social situation in the south 2 Struggles between cliques under the

Eastern Chin dynasty (A.D. 317-419) 3 The Liu-Sung dynasty (A.D. 420-478) and the Southern Ch'i dynasty

(A.D. 479-501) 4 The Liang dynasty (A.D. 502-556) 5 The Ch'en dynasty (A.D. 557-588) and its ending by

the Sui 6 Cultural achievements of the south

Chapter VIII

: THE EMPIRES OF THE SUI AND THE T'ANG

(A) The Sui dynasty (A.D. 580-618) 1 Internal situation in the newly unified empire 2 Relations with Turks

and with Korea 3 Reasons for collapse

(B) _The T'ang dynasty_ (A.D. 618-906) 1 Reforms and decentralization 2 Turkish policy 3 Conquest of

Turkestan and Korea. Summit of power 4 The reign of the empress Wu: Buddhism and capitalism 5 Second

blossoming of T'ang culture 6 Revolt of a military governor 7 The role of the Uighurs. Confiscation of the

capital of the monasteries 8 First successful peasant revolt. Collapse of the empire

MODERN TIMES

Chapter IX

: THE EPOCH OF THE SECOND DIVISION OF CHINA

(A) The period of the Five Dynasties (906-960) 1 Beginning of a new epoch 2 Political situation in the tenth

century 3 Monopolistic trade in South China. Printing and paper money in the north 4 Political history of the

Five Dynasties

(B) Period of Moderate Absolutism (1) The Northern Sung dynasty 1 Southward expansion 2 Administration

and army. Inflation 3 Reforms and Welfare schemes 4 Cultural situation (philosophy, religion, literature,

painting) 5 Military collapse

(2) _The Liao (Kitan) dynasty in the north_ (937-1125) 1 Sociological structure. Claim to the Chinese

imperial throne 2 The State of the Kara-Kitai

(3) _The Hsi-Hsia State in the north_ (1038-1227) 1 Continuation of Turkish traditions

(4) The empire of the Southern Sung dynasty (1127-1279) 1 Foundation 2 Internal situation 3 Cultural

situation; reasons for the collapse

(5) _The empire of the Juchên in the north (i_ 115-1234) 1 Rapid expansion from northern Korea to the

Yangtze 2 United front of all Chinese 3 Start of the Mongol empire

Chapter X

: THE PERIOD OF ABSOLUTISM

(A) The Mongol Epoch (1280-1368) 1 Beginning of new foreign rules 2 "Nationality legislation" 3 Military

position 4 Social situation 5 Popular risings: National rising 6 Cultural

Chapter X

(B) The Ming Epoch (1368-1644) 1 Start. National feeling 2 Wars against Mongols and Japanese 3 Social

legislation within the existing order 4 Colonization and agricultural developments 5 Commercial and

industrial developments 6 Growth of the small gentry 7 Literature, art, crafts 8 Politics at court 9 Navy.

Southward expansion 10 Struggles between cliques 11 Risings 12 Machiavellism 13 Foreign relations in the

sixteenth century 14 External and internal perils

Expansion in Central Asia; the first State treaty 4 Culture 5 Relations with the outer world 6 Decline; revolts 7

European Imperialism in the Far East 8 Risings in Turkestan and within China: the T'ai P'ing Rebellion 9

Collision with Japan; further Capitulations 10 Russia in Manchuria 11 Reform and reaction: The Boxer Rising

12 End of the dynasty

Chapter XI

: THE REPUBLIC (1912-1948)

1 Social and intellectual position 2 First period of the Republic: The warlords 3 Second period of the

Republic: Nationalist China 4 The Sino-Japanese war (1937-1945)

Chapter XII

: PRESENT-DAY CHINA

1 The growth of communism 2 Nationalist China in Taiwan 3 Communist China

Notes and References

Index

ILLUSTRATIONS

1 Painted pottery from Kansu: Neolithic. _In the collection of the Museum für Völkerkunde, Berlin_.

2 Ancient bronze tripod found at Anyang. _From G. Ecke: Frühe chinesische Bronzen aus der Sammlung

Oskar Trautmann, Peking_ 1939, plate 3.

3 Bronze plaque representing two horses fighting each other. Ordos region, animal style. _From V.

Griessmaier: Sammlung Baron Eduard von der Heydt, Vienna 1936, illustration No. 6_.

4 Hunting scene: detail from the reliefs in the tombs at Wu-liang-tz'u. _From a print in the author's

possession_.

5 Part of the "Great Wall". Photo Eberhard .

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