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Spain/ 4.2 Recent policy issues and debates
4.2.1 Cultural minorities, groups and communities
Spain's transition to a democratic model has been based on the recognition of territorial cultural diversity. Understood in
this sense, "territorial cultural diversity" becomes the reverse of "cultural minorities". The fact that the change from a
country of emigrants to a country of immigrants is a recent phenomenon may help explain why a debate has yet to be
held on a cultural policy for minorities, although some aspects of integration are now being touched upon regarding
education, citizenship, customs, security, etc.
According to the
Statistical Yearbook on Immigration
(Ministry for Employment and Immigration), on 31 December 2007,
the number of foreign residents in Spain was 3 979 014, an increase of 31.7% on the previous year. As regards the
distribution by continent of origin, the largest group comprised those from the European Union member states (38.87%),
Latin America (30.55%), followed by Africa (21.15%), Asia (6%), the rest of Europe (2.89%), North America (0.48%) and
Oceania (0.05%). According to country of origin, at the end of 2007, the largest immigrant community was from Morocco
(648 735 persons), followed by Romania (603 889), Ecuador (395 808), Colombia (254 301), and the UK (198 638). As for
its evolution over the previous year, the greater numerical increases have corresponded to the Romanians (392 564
persons), Moroccans (105 014), Bulgarians (66 884), Portuguese (29 313), and Colombians (28 797).
The main aim of the government's immigration policy (implemented by the Secretariat of State for Immigration and
Emigration) is to derive the maximum benefit for society as a whole. The policy applies to all foreigners resident in Spain,
regardless of their nationality. The
Forum for the Social Integration of Immigrants
, a collegial organisation attached to the
Ministry for Employment and Social Affairs, through the Secretary of State for Immigration and Emigration, was set up to
aid the integration of immigrants who reside legally in Spain. According to
Article 70 of Organic Act 4/2000, of 11
January 2000
, on the rights and liberties of foreign nationals in Spain and their social integration, the Forum for the Social
Integration of Immigrants is the consulting, informing and advising entity for Spain's national government and, when
appropriate, for the autonomous regional and local governments in matters of immigration.
The crosssectional nature of immigration has meant that various ministries (education, labour, health and social
services, etc.) have drawn up specific regulations for the access of these groups to education, employment, health and
accommodation. Of these projects, the most important is the Action Plan on Social Inclusion (20012003, 20032005,
20052006, 20062008) which stresses the need to aid the socioprofessional integration of immigrant groups, especially
women, who are often at a disadvantage. It also stresses the need to improve the quality of life in the gypsy community,
which is threatened by social exclusion. With the general aim of promoting social cohesion and built with the maximum
institutional and social participation, in February 2007 the government approved the Strategic Plan on Citizenship and
Integration (20072010). Addressed to all of the population, autochthonous and immigrants, the Plan recognises equal
rights and duties for everyone, equality of opportunities and respect for diversity. The Plan also wants to consolidate
among immigrants a consciousness of belonging to the Spanish community. In that sense, the Plan is aimed to foster
among immigrants greater understanding and respect for the common values of the EU, the rights and duties of residents
in Spain, the official languages used in different Communities and the social rules of Spanish society.
One of the strictly cultural projects undertaken by the government in this field is the agreement signed by the Ministry of
Culture and ten NGOs, in late 2004, to promote reading among immigrants living in Spain, in their own languages. Among
the specific methods mentioned in the agreement, the most significant are the campaigns to heighten awareness in the
immigrant population of the importance of reading, information campaigns to promote the use of libraries and other
cultural services, reading workshops, artistic activities related to the world of books, and the use of the NGOs'
cooperation networks.
In April 2006, the Ministry of Culture supported the creation of the
Institute of Gypsy Culture,
to support the community of
gypsies, which has maintained its own identity in Spain since its entrance in the XV century. At present, this community
represents a 1.5% of the Spanish population. The main aim of the Institute is to contribute to harmonious relations
between the various groups and cultures present in Spanish culture, paying special attention to equality of opportunity
and to combating discrimination on grounds of gender or race. The Institute also supports the development and promotion
of gypsy history, culture and language in all its manifestations, and contributes to its dissemination through research,
publications and the organisation of academic and cultural events.
The
Network of Spanish Jewish Cities
is a nonprofit making public association with the goal of protecting all facets of
Sephardic Heritage in Spain. Its members promote cultural and academic projects, sharing their experiences and
organising events in Spain and abroad and designing policies of sustainable cultural tourism in their cities.
In Spain, there are many actions that promote culture and artistic creation as an "instrument" for the social integration of
immigrant communities and cultural minorities, and as a "bridge" between these groups and the host population. Among
their various objectives, the following are most important:
l
increasing visibility through public celebrations and cultural events: the annual festival "
Murcia: three cultures
(Arab, Jewish and Christian)
" organised by the Murcia City Council; the "
Festival of Culture
" in Palamos
(Catalonia); "
Venagua
", organised since 1991 by the Columbares Association in Beniajan (Murcia); the
"
Festival of Cinema for Diversity
", organised since 1999 by the Association SOS Racism in Barcelona
(Catalonia); and the "
Festival of Diversity
", organised since 1993 by the Association SOS Racism in Barcelona
(Catalonia);
l
increasing visibility through the media: the Association Migra Media in Barcelona produces audiovisual material
and documentation; the Columbares Association has run various film and TV projects, and the Immigration
Institutions' Coordinating Committee has a weekly newspaper column;
l
raising the skills of the minority communities: the ETANE Association is a working group from SubSaharan
Africa which, since 1991, has organised teaching programmes for teachers and pupils in Barcelona (Spain);
l
intensifying the contacts between the associations and the NGOs: the Consortium of Institutions for Action
with Migrants in Murcia; and
l
increasing intercultural activities for schools: the "
Awareness in Schools
" project organised by the Columbares
Association in Murcia since 1997; the "
Cultural Workshops in Schools
" project inside the framework of the
Catalan government's Interdepartmental Immigration Plan.
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Partner Resources
Council of Europe/ERICarts, "Compendium of Cultural Policies and Trends in Europe, 10th edition", 2009
Plik z chomika:
zimowy_smutek
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