Ansi C Reference Card.pdf

C REFERENCE CARD (ANSI)

CONSTANTS

LONG (SUX) L OR L

OAT (SUX) F OR F

EXPONENTIAL FORM E

OCTAL (PREX ZERO) 0

HEXADECIMAL (PREX ZERO-EX) 0X OR 0X

CHARACTER CONSTANT (CHAR, OCTAL, HEX) A, \OOO, \XHH

NEWLINE, CR, TAB, BACKSPACE \N, \R, \T, \B

SPECIAL CHARACTERS \\, \?, \, \"

STRING CONSTANT (ENDS WITH \0) "ABC: : : DE"

POINTERS, ARRAYS & STRUCTURES

DECLARE POINTER TO TYPE TYPE *NAME

DECLARE FUNCTION RETURNING POINTER TO TYPE TYPE *F()

DECLARE POINTER TO FUNCTION RETURNING TYPE TYPE (*PF)()

GENERIC POINTER TYPE

FLOW OF CONTROL

STATEMENT TERMINATOR

PROGRAM STRUCTURE/FUNCTIONS

TYPE FNC(TYPE 1 ,: : : )

;

BLOCK DELIMETERS

{ }

FUNCTION DECLARATIONS

EXIT FROM SWITCH, WHILE, DO, FOR

BREAK

TYPE NAME

EXTERNAL VARIABLE DECLARATIONS

NEXT ITERATION OF WHILE, DO, FOR

CONTINUE

MAIN() {

MAIN ROUTINE

GO TO

GOTO LABEL

DECLARATIONS

LOCAL VARIABLE DECLARATIONS

LABEL

LABEL:

STATEMENTS

RETURN VALUE FROM FUNCTION

RETURN EXPR

}

TYPE FNC(ARG 1 ,: : : ) {

FLOW CONSTRUCTIONS

IF STATEMENT

FUNCTION DENITION

IF (EXPR) STATEMENT

ELSE IF (EXPR) STATEMENT

ELSE STATEMENT

DECLARATIONS

LOCAL VARIABLE DECLARATIONS

STATEMENTS

RETURN VALUE;

WHILE STATEMENT

WHILE (EXPR)

STATEMENT

}

/* */ COMMENTS

MAIN(INT ARGC, CHAR *ARGV[]) MAIN WITH ARGS

EXIT(ARG)

FOR STATEMENT

FOR (EXPR 1 ; EXPR 2 ; EXPR 3 )

STATEMENT

VOID *

DO STATEMENT

WHILE(EXPR);

TERMINATE EXECUTION

NULL POINTER

NULL

OBJECT POINTED TO BY POINTER

*POINTER

C PREPROCESSOR

INCLUDE LIBRARY LE #INCLUDE <LENAME>

INCLUDE USER LE #INCLUDE "LENAME"

REPLACEMENT TEXT #DEFINE NAME TEXT

REPLACEMENT MACRO #DEFINE NAME(VAR) TEXT

EXAMPLE. #DEFINE MAX(A,B) ((A)>(B) ? (A) : (B))

UNDENE

SWITCH STATEMENT

SWITCH (EXPR) {

CASE CONST 1 : STATEMENT 1 BREAK;

CASE CONST 2 : STATEMENT 2 BREAK;

DEFAULT: STATEMENT

ADDRESS OF OBJECT NAME

&NAME

ARRAY

NAME[DIM]

MULTI-DIM ARRAY

NAME[DIM 1 ][DIM 2 ]: : :

STRUCTURES

STRUCT TAG {

}

ANSI STANDARD LIBRARIES

<ASSERT.H> <CTYPE.H> <ERRNO.H> <FLOAT.H> <LIMITS.H>

<LOCALE.H> <MATH.H> <SETJMP.H> <SIGNAL.H> <STDARG.H>

<STDDEF.H> <STDIO.H> <STDLIB.H> <STRING.H> <TIME.H>

CHARACTER CLASS TESTS <CTYPE.H>

ALPHANUMERIC? ISALNUM(C)

ALPHABETIC? ISALPHA(C)

CONTROL CHARACTER? ISCNTRL(C)

DECIMAL DIGIT? ISDIGIT(C)

PRINTING CHARACTER (NOT INCL SPACE)? ISGRAPH(C)

LOWER CASE LETTER? ISLOWER(C)

PRINTING CHARACTER (INCL SPACE)? ISPRINT(C)

PRINTING CHAR EXCEPT SPACE, LETTER, DIGIT? ISPUNCT(C)

SPACE, FORMFEED, NEWLINE, CR, TAB, VTAB? ISSPACE(C)

UPPER CASE LETTER? ISUPPER(C)

HEXADECIMAL DIGIT? ISXDIGIT(C)

CONVERT TO LOWER CASE? TOLOWER(C)

CONVERT TO UPPER CASE? TOUPPER(C)

STRING OPERATIONS <STRING.H>

S,T ARE STRINGS, CS,CT ARE CONSTANT STRINGS

LENGTH OF S STRLEN(S)

COPY CT TO S STRCPY(S,CT)

UP TO N CHARS STRNCPY(S,CT,N)

CONCATENATE CT AFTER S STRCAT(S,CT)

UP TO N CHARS STRNCAT(S,CT,N)

COMPARE CS TO CT STRCMP(CS,CT)

ONLY RST N CHARS STRNCMP(CS,CT,N)

POINTER TO RST C IN CS STRCHR(CS,C)

POINTER TO LAST C IN CS STRRCHR(CS,C)

COPY N CHARS FROM CT TO S MEMCPY(S,CT,N)

COPY N CHARS FROM CT TO S (MAY OVERLAP) MEMMOVE(S,CT,N)

COMPARE N CHARS OF CS WITH CT MEMCMP(CS,CT,N)

POINTER TO RST C IN RST N CHARS OF CS MEMCHR(CS,C,N)

PUT C INTO RST N CHARS OF CS

STRUCTURE TEMPLATE

DECLARATIONS

DECLARATION OF MEMBERS

QUOTED STRING IN REPLACE

#UNDEF NAME

};

CREATE STRUCTURE STRUCT TAG NAME

MEMBER OF STRUCTURE FROM TEMPLATE NAME.MEMBER

MEMBER OF POINTED TO STRUCTURE POINTER -> MEMBER

EXAMPLE. (*P).X AND P->X ARE THE SAME

SINGLE VALUE, MULTIPLE TYPE STRUCTURE UNION

BIT ELD WITH B BITS MEMBER : B

OPERATORS (GROUPED BY PRECEDENCE)

STRUCTURE MEMBER OPERATOR NAME.MEMBER

STRUCTURE POINTER POINTER->MEMBER

INCREMENT, DECREMENT ++, --

PLUS, MINUS, LOGICAL NOT, BITWISE NOT +, -, !, ~

INDIRECTION VIA POINTER, ADDRESS OF OBJECT *POINTER, &NAME

CAST EXPRESSION TO TYPE (TYPE) EXPR

SIZE OF AN OBJECT SIZEOF

MULTIPLY, DIVIDE, MODULUS (REMAINDER) *, /, %

ADD, SUBTRACT +, -

LEFT, RIGHT SHIFT [BIT OPS] <<, >>

COMPARISONS >, >=, <, <=

COMPARISONS ==, !=

BITWISE AND &

BITWISE EXCLUSIVE OR ^

BITWISE OR (INCL) |

LOGICAL AND &&

LOGICAL OR ||

CONDITIONAL EXPRESSION EXPR 1 ? EXPR 2 : EXPR 3

ASSIGNMENT OPERATORS +=, -=, *=, : : :

EXPRESSION EVALUATION SEPARATOR ,

UNARY OPERATORS, CONDITIONAL EXPRESSION AND ASSIGNMENT OPER-

ATORS GROUP RIGHT TO LEFT; ALL OTHERS GROUP LEFT TO RIGHT.

CONCATENATE ARGS AND RESCAN

CONDITIONAL EXECUTION

#IF, #ELSE, #ELIF, #ENDIF

IS NAME DENED, NOT DENED?

#IFDEF, #IFNDEF

NAME DENED?

DEFINED(NAME)

LINE CONTINUATION CHAR

DATA TYPES/DECLARATIONS

CHARACTER (1 BYTE)

CHAR

INTEGER

INT

OAT (SINGLE PRECISION)

FLOAT

OAT (DOUBLE PRECISION)

DOUBLE

SHORT (16 BIT INTEGER)

SHORT

LONG (32 BIT INTEGER)

LONG

POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE

SIGNED

ONLY POSITIVE

UNSIGNED

POINTER TO INT, FLOAT,: : :

*INT, *FLOAT,: : :

ENUMERATION CONSTANT

ENUM

CONSTANT (UNCHANGING) VALUE

CONST

DECLARE EXTERNAL VARIABLE

EXTERN

LOCAL TO SOURCE LE

STATIC

NO VALUE

VOID

STRUCTURE

STRUCT

CREATE NAME BY DATA TYPE

TYPEDEF TYPENAME

SIZE OF AN OBJECT (TYPE IS SIZE_T)

SIZEOF OBJECT

SIZE OF A DATA TYPE (TYPE IS SIZE_T)

SIZEOF(TYPE NAME)

INITIALIZATION

INITIALIZE VARIABLE

TYPE NAME=VALUE

INITIALIZE ARRAY

TYPE NAME[]={VALUE 1 ,: : : }

INITIALIZE CHAR STRING

CHAR NAME[]="STRING"

MEMSET(S,C,N)

C1999 JOSEPH H. SILVERMAN PERMISSIONS ON BACK. V1.3

C REFERENCE CARD (ANSI)

STANDARD UTILITY FUNCTIONS <STDLIB.H>

ABSOLUTE VALUE OF INT N ABS(N)

ABSOLUTE VALUE OF LONG N LABS(N)

QUOTIENT AND REMAINDER OF INTS N,D DIV(N,D)

RETURSN STRUCTURE WITH DIV_T.QUOT AND DIV_T.REM

QUOTIENT AND REMAINDER OF LONGS N,D LDIV(N,D)

RETURNS STRUCTURE WITH LDIV_T.QUOT AND LDIV_T.REM

PSEUDO-RANDOM INTEGER [0,RAND_MAX] RAND()

SET RANDOM SEED TO N SRAND(N)

TERMINATE PROGRAM EXECUTION EXIT(STATUS)

PASS STRING S TO SYSTEM FOR EXECUTION SYSTEM(S)

CONVERSIONS

CONVERT STRING S TO DOUBLE

INTEGER TYPE LIMITS <LIMITS.H>

THE NUMBERS GIVEN IN PARENTHESES ARE TYPICAL VALUES FOR THE

CONSTANTS ON A 32-BIT UNIX SYSTEM.

CHAR_BIT BITS IN CHAR (8)

CHAR_MAX MAX VALUE OF CHAR (127 OR 255)

CHAR_MIN MIN VALUE OF CHAR ( 128 OR 0)

INT_MAX MAX VALUE OF INT (+32,767)

INT_MIN MIN VALUE OF INT ( 32,768)

LONG_MAX MAX VALUE OF LONG (+2,147,483,647)

LONG_MIN MIN VALUE OF LONG ( 2,147,483,648)

SCHAR_MAX MAX VALUE OF SIGNED CHAR (+127)

SCHAR_MIN MIN VALUE OF SIGNED CHAR ( 128)

SHRT_MAX MAX VALUE OF SHORT (+32,767)

SHRT_MIN MIN VALUE OF SHORT ( 32,768)

UCHAR_MAX MAX VALUE OF UNSIGNED CHAR (255)

UINT_MAX MAX VALUE OF UNSIGNED INT (65,535)

ULONG_MAX MAX VALUE OF UNSIGNED LONG (4,294,967,295)

USHRT_MAX MAX VALUE OF UNSIGNED SHORT

INPUT/OUTPUT <STDIO.H>

STANDARD I/O

STANDARD INPUT STREAM STDIN

STANDARD OUTPUT STREAM STDOUT

STANDARD ERROR STREAM STDERR

END OF LE EOF

GET A CHARACTER GETCHAR()

PRINT A CHARACTER PUTCHAR(CHR)

PRINT FORMATTED DATA PRINTF("FORMAT",ARG 1 ,: : : )

PRINT TO STRING S SPRINTF(S,"FORMAT",ARG 1 ,: : : )

READ FORMATTED DATA SCANF("FORMAT",&NAME 1 ,: : : )

READ FROM STRING S SSCANF(S,"FORMAT",&NAME 1 ,: : : )

READ LINE TO STRING S (< MAX CHARS)

CONVERT STRING S TO INTEGER

ATOF(S)

CONVERT STRING S TO LONG

ATOL(S)

GETS(S,MAX)

CONVERT PREX OF S TO DOUBLE

STRTOD(S,ENDP)

PRINT STRING S

PUTS(S)

CONVERT PREX OF S (BASE B) TO LONG

STRTOL(S,ENDP,B)

FILE I/O

DECLARE LE POINTER FILE *FP

POINTER TO NAMED LE FOPEN("NAME","MODE")

MODES: R (READ), W (WRITE), A (APPEND)

GET A CHARACTER GETC(FP)

WRITE A CHARACTER PUTC(CHR,FP)

WRITE TO LE FPRINTF(FP,"FORMAT",ARG 1 ,: : : )

READ FROM LE FSCANF(FP,"FORMAT",ARG 1 ,: : : )

CLOSE LE FCLOSE(FP)

NON-ZERO IF ERROR FERROR(FP)

NON-ZERO IF EOF FEOF(FP)

READ LINE TO STRING S (< MAX CHARS) FGETS(S,MAX,FP)

WRITE STRING S FPUTS(S,FP)

CODES FOR FORMATTED I/O: "%-+ 0W:PMC"

- LEFT JUSTIFY

+ PRINT WITH SIGN

SPACE PRINT SPACE IF NO SIGN

0 PAD WITH LEADING ZEROS

W MIN ELD WIDTH

P PRECISION

M CONVERSION CHARACTER:

H SHORT, L LONG, L LONG DOUBLE

C CONVERSION CHARACTER:

D,I INTEGER U UNSIGNED

C SINGLE CHAR S CHAR STRING

F DOUBLE E,E EXPONENTIAL

O OCTAL X,X HEXADECIMAL

P POINTER N NUMBER OF CHARS WRITTEN

G,G SAME AS F OR E,E DEPENDING ON EXPONENT

VARIABLE ARGUMENT LISTS <STDARG.H>

DECLARATION OF POINTER TO ARGUMENTS VA_LIST NAME;

INITIALIZATION OF ARGUMENT POINTER VA_START(NAME,LASTARG)

LASTARG IS LAST NAMED PARAMETER OF THE FUNCTION

ACCESS NEXT UNAMED ARG, UPDATE POINTER VA_ARG(NAME,TYPE)

CALL BEFORE EXITING FUNCTION

SAME, BUT UNSIGNED LONG

STRTOUL(S,ENDP,B)

(65,536)

STORAGE ALLOCATION

ALLOCATE STORAGE

MALLOC(SIZE), CALLOC(NOBJ,SIZE)

FLOAT TYPE LIMITS <FLOAT.H>

FLT_RADIX RADIX OF EXPONENT REP

CHANGE SIZE OF OBJECT

REALLOC(PTS,SIZE)

(2)

DEALLOCATE SPACE

FREE(PTR)

FLT_ROUNDS OATING POINT ROUNDING MODE

FLT_DIG

ARRAY FUNCTIONS

SEARCH ARRAY FOR KEY BSEARCH(KEY,ARRAY,N,SIZE,CMP())

SORT ARRAY ASCENDING ORDER QSORT(ARRAY,N,SIZE,CMP())

TIME AND DATE FUNCTIONS <TIME.H>

PROCESSOR TIME USED BY PROGRAM CLOCK()

EXAMPLE. CLOCK()/CLOCKS_PER_SEC IS TIME IN SECONDS

CURRENT CALENDAR TIME TIME()

TIME 2 -TIME 1 IN SECONDS (DOUBLE) DIFFTIME(TIME 2 ,TIME 1 )

ARITHMETIC TYPES REPRESENTING TIMES CLOCK_T,TIME_T

STRUCTURE TYPE FOR CALENDAR TIME COMPS

DECIMAL DIGITS OF PRECISION

(6)

FLT_EPSILON SMALLEST X SO 1:0 + X 6 = 1:0

(10 5 )

FLT_MANT_DIG NUMBER OF DIGITS IN MANTISSA

FLT_MAX

MAXIMUM OATING POINT NUMBER

(10 37 )

FLT_MAX_EXP MAXIMUM EXPONENT

FLT_MIN

MINIMUM OATING POINT NUMBER

(10 37 )

FLT_MIN_EXP MINIMUM EXPONENT

DBL_DIG

DECIMAL DIGITS OF PRECISION

(10)

DBL_EPSILON SMALLEST X SO 1:0 + X 6 = 1:0

(10 9 )

DBL_MANT_DIG NUMBER OF DIGITS IN MANTISSA

DBL_MAX MAX DOUBLE OATING POINT NUMBER (10 37 )

DBL_MAX_EXP MAXIMUM EXPONENT

DBL_MIN MIN DOUBLE OATING POINT NUMBER (10 37 )

DBL_MIN_EXP MINIMUM EXPONENT

TM_SEC SECONDS AFTER MINUTE

TM_MIN MINUTES AFTER HOUR

TM_HOUR HOURS SINCE MIDNIGHT

TM_MDAY DAY OF MONTH

TM_MON MONTHS SINCE JANUARY

TM_YEAR YEARS SINCE 1900

TM_WDAY DAYS SINCE SUNDAY

TM_YDAY DAYS SINCE JANUARY 1

TM_ISDST DAYLIGHT SAVINGS TIME AG

CONVERT LOCAL TIME TO CALENDAR TIME MKTIME(TP)

CONVERT TIME IN TP TO STRING ASCTIME(TP)

CONVERT CALENDAR TIME IN TP TO LOCAL TIME CTIME(TP)

CONVERT CALENDAR TIME TO GMT GMTIME(TP)

CONVERT CALENDAR TIME TO LOCAL TIME LOCALTIME(TP)

FORMAT DATE AND TIME INFO STRFTIME(S,SMAX,"FORMAT ",TP)

TP IS A POINTER TO A STRUCTURE OF TYPE TM

MATHEMATICAL FUNCTIONS <MATH.H>

ARGUMENTS AND RETURNED VALUES ARE DOUBLE

TRIG FUNCTIONS SIN(X), COS(X), TAN(X)

INVERSE TRIG FUNCTIONS ASIN(X), ACOS(X), ATAN(X)

ARCTAN(Y=X) ATAN2(Y,X)

HYPERBOLIC TRIG FUNCTIONS SINH(X), COSH(X), TANH(X)

EXPONENTIALS & LOGS EXP(X), LOG(X), LOG10(X)

EXPONENTIALS & LOGS (2 POWER) LDEXP(X,N), FREXP(X,*E)

DIVISION & REMAINDER

VA_END(NAME)

MODF(X,*IP), FMOD(X,Y)

PERMISSION IS GRANTED TO MAKE AND DISTRIBUTE COPIES OF THIS CARD PRO-

VIDED THE COPYRIGHT NOTICE AND THIS PERMISSION NOTICE ARE PRESERVED ON

ALL COPIES.

SEND COMMENTS AND CORRECTIONS TO J.H. SILVERMAN, MATH. DEPT., BROWN

UNIV., PROVIDENCE, RI 02912 USA.HJHS@MATH.BROWN.EDUI

POWERS

POW(X,Y), SQRT(X)

ROUNDING

CEIL(X), FLOOR(X), FABS(X)

ATOI(S)

Plik z chomika:

Inne pliki z tego folderu:

Inne foldery tego chomika: