Microsoft C# Language Reference.pdf

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C# Language Reference
Copyright Microsoft Corporation 1999-2000. All Rights Reserved.
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Hello, world ................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Automatic memory management................................................................................................................... 2
1.3 Types ............................................................................................................................................................. 4
1.4 Predefined types ............................................................................................................................................ 5
1.5 Array types .................................................................................................................................................... 7
1.6 Type system unification ................................................................................................................................ 9
1.7 Statements.................................................................................................................................................... 10
1.7.1 Statement lists and blocks ..................................................................................................................... 10
1.7.2 Labeled statements and goto statements ............................................................................................. 10
1.7.3 Local declarations of constants and variables....................................................................................... 11
1.7.4 Expression statements........................................................................................................................... 11
1.7.5 The if statement .................................................................................................................................... 11
1.7.6 The switch statement............................................................................................................................. 12
1.7.7 The while statement .............................................................................................................................. 12
1.7.8 The do statement ................................................................................................................................... 13
1.7.9 The for statement .................................................................................................................................. 13
1.7.10 The foreach statement......................................................................................................................13
1.7.11 The break statement and the continue statement........................................................................... 14
1.7.12 The return statement........................................................................................................................ 14
1.7.13 The throw statement .......................................................................................................................... 14
1.7.14 The try statement .............................................................................................................................. 14
1.7.15 The checked and unchecked statements......................................................................................... 14
1.7.16 The lock statement ............................................................................................................................ 14
1.8 Classes ......................................................................................................................................................... 14
1.9 Structs .......................................................................................................................................................... 15
1.10 Interfaces ................................................................................................................................................... 15
1.11 Delegates ................................................................................................................................................... 17
1.12 Enums ........................................................................................................................................................ 18
1.13 Namespaces ............................................................................................................................................... 18
1.14 Properties ................................................................................................................................................... 19
1.15 Indexers ..................................................................................................................................................... 20
1.16 Events ........................................................................................................................................................ 21
1.17 Versioning ................................................................................................................................................. 22
1.18 Attributes ................................................................................................................................................... 24
2. Lexical structure.............................................................................................................................................. 27
2.1 Phases of translation .................................................................................................................................... 27
2.2 Grammar notation........................................................................................................................................ 27
2.3 Pre-processing ............................................................................................................................................. 28
2.3.1 Pre-processing declarations .................................................................................................................. 28
2.3.2 #if, #elif, #else, #endif .......................................................................................................................... 29
2.3.3 Pre-processing control lines .................................................................................................................. 30
2.3.4 #line ...................................................................................................................................................... 31
2.3.5 Pre-processing identifiers...................................................................................................................... 31
2.3.6 Pre-processing expressions ................................................................................................................... 31
2.3.7 Interaction with white space ................................................................................................................. 32
2.4 Lexical analysis ........................................................................................................................................... 33
2.4.1 Input ...................................................................................................................................................... 33
Copyright Microsoft Corporation 1999-2000. All Rights Reserved.
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C# LANGUAGE REFERENCE
2.4.2 Input characters..................................................................................................................................... 33
2.4.3 Line terminators .................................................................................................................................... 33
2.4.4 Comments ............................................................................................................................................. 33
2.4.5 White space........................................................................................................................................... 33
2.4.6 Tokens................................................................................................................................................... 33
2.5 Processing of Unicode character escape sequences..................................................................................... 34
2.5.1 Identifiers .............................................................................................................................................. 34
2.5.2 Keywords .............................................................................................................................................. 36
2.5.3 Literals .................................................................................................................................................. 36
2.5.3.1 Boolean literals............................................................................................................................... 36
2.5.3.2 Integer literals................................................................................................................................. 36
2.5.3.3 Real literals..................................................................................................................................... 37
2.5.3.4 Character literals ............................................................................................................................ 38
2.5.3.5 String literals .................................................................................................................................. 39
2.5.3.6 The null literal ................................................................................................................................ 40
2.5.4 Operators and punctuators .................................................................................................................... 40
3. Basic concepts .................................................................................................................................................. 41
3.1 Declarations ................................................................................................................................................. 41
3.2 Members ...................................................................................................................................................... 43
3.2.1 Namespace members ............................................................................................................................ 43
3.2.2 Struct members ..................................................................................................................................... 43
3.2.3 Enumeration members .......................................................................................................................... 44
3.2.4 Class members ...................................................................................................................................... 44
3.2.5 Interface members................................................................................................................................. 44
3.2.6 Array members ..................................................................................................................................... 44
3.2.7 Delegate members................................................................................................................................. 44
3.3 Member access ............................................................................................................................................ 44
3.3.1 Declared accessibility ........................................................................................................................... 44
3.3.2 Accessibility domains ........................................................................................................................... 45
3.3.3 Protected access .................................................................................................................................... 47
3.3.4 Accessibility constraints ....................................................................................................................... 48
3.4 Signatures and overloading ......................................................................................................................... 49
3.5 Scopes.......................................................................................................................................................... 50
3.5.1 Name hiding.......................................................................................................................................... 52
3.5.1.1 Hiding through nesting................................................................................................................... 52
3.5.1.2 Hiding through inheritance............................................................................................................. 53
3.6 Namespace and type names ......................................................................................................................... 54
3.6.1 Fully qualified names............................................................................................................................ 55
4. Types ................................................................................................................................................................ 57
4.1 Value types .................................................................................................................................................. 57
4.1.1 Default constructors .............................................................................................................................. 58
4.1.2 Struct types ........................................................................................................................................... 59
4.1.3 Simple types.......................................................................................................................................... 59
4.1.4 Integral types......................................................................................................................................... 60
4.1.5 Floating point types .............................................................................................................................. 61
4.1.6 The decimal type................................................................................................................................... 62
4.1.7 The bool type....................................................................................................................................... 63
4.1.8 Enumeration types ................................................................................................................................ 63
4.2 Reference types ........................................................................................................................................... 63
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Copyright Microsoft Corporation 1999-2000. All Rights Reserved.
Table of Contents
4.2.1 Class types ............................................................................................................................................ 64
4.2.2 The object type...................................................................................................................................... 64
4.2.3 The string type ...................................................................................................................................... 64
4.2.4 Interface types....................................................................................................................................... 64
4.2.5 Array types............................................................................................................................................ 64
4.2.6 Delegate types....................................................................................................................................... 64
4.3 Boxing and unboxing .................................................................................................................................. 65
4.3.1 Boxing conversions............................................................................................................................... 65
4.3.2 Unboxing conversions .......................................................................................................................... 66
5. Variables .......................................................................................................................................................... 67
5.1 Variable categories ...................................................................................................................................... 67
5.1.1 Static variables ...................................................................................................................................... 67
5.1.2 Instance variables.................................................................................................................................. 67
5.1.2.1 Instance variables in classes ........................................................................................................... 67
5.1.2.2 Instance variables in structs............................................................................................................ 68
5.1.3 Array elements ...................................................................................................................................... 68
5.1.4 Value parameters .................................................................................................................................. 68
5.1.5 Reference parameters............................................................................................................................ 68
5.1.6 Output parameters................................................................................................................................. 68
5.1.7 Local variables ...................................................................................................................................... 69
5.2 Default values .............................................................................................................................................. 69
5.3 Definite assignment ..................................................................................................................................... 69
5.3.1 Initially assigned variables.................................................................................................................... 72
5.3.2 Initially unassigned variables................................................................................................................ 72
5.4 Variable references ...................................................................................................................................... 72
6. Conversions...................................................................................................................................................... 73
6.1 Implicit conversions .................................................................................................................................... 73
6.1.1 Identity conversion ............................................................................................................................... 73
6.1.2 Implicit numeric conversions................................................................................................................ 73
6.1.3 Implicit enumeration conversions......................................................................................................... 74
6.1.4 Implicit reference conversions .............................................................................................................. 74
6.1.5 Boxing conversions............................................................................................................................... 74
6.1.6 Implicit constant expression conversions ............................................................................................. 74
6.1.7 User-defined implicit conversions ........................................................................................................ 75
6.2 Explicit conversions .................................................................................................................................... 75
6.2.1 Explicit numeric conversions................................................................................................................ 75
6.2.2 Explicit enumeration conversions......................................................................................................... 76
6.2.3 Explicit reference conversions .............................................................................................................. 76
6.2.4 Unboxing conversions .......................................................................................................................... 77
6.2.5 User-defined explicit conversions......................................................................................................... 77
6.3 Standard conversions................................................................................................................................... 77
6.3.1 Standard implicit conversions............................................................................................................... 77
6.3.2 Standard explicit conversions ............................................................................................................... 78
6.4 User-defined conversions ............................................................................................................................ 78
6.4.1 Permitted user-defined conversions ...................................................................................................... 78
6.4.2 Evaluation of user-defined conversions................................................................................................ 78
6.4.3 User-defined implicit conversions ........................................................................................................ 79
6.4.4 User-defined explicit conversions......................................................................................................... 80
7. Expressions ...................................................................................................................................................... 81
Copyright Microsoft Corporation 1999-2000. All Rights Reserved.
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