Vol.8 Principles of Flight.pdf

Table olCOllIents

CHAPTER 1

Laws and Definitions

......... .... ............. 1-1

Introduction ...................... ...............................................................

SI Units ..... .. ........................ ......... .

..... ....... ......................................... 1-1

Derived Units ......

.. ... .............

.................... ......................

.... 1-1

Airspeeds .. ..................... ...................... ... ............. ......................

...................

.... 1-5

Newton's Laws of Motion .. ................ .................

................................................................1-5

CHAPTER 2

The Flight Environment

Introduction .................................................................................................................. ...........................2-1

The Almosphere ... .................... ............... .................. .... .... ........ ... . ...............2-1

The Universal Gas Law. ..... ..... ............. ........................................ ............2-1

The Effect of Pressure on Den sity ....... ...... ...............................................................................................2-1

The Effect of Temperature on Density.....

.. ............. ..

. ........ ... .. ..............................2-2

The Effect of Allitude on Density................... ....... .............

.........................................................2-2

The Effect of Humidity on Density......... ................

...................

..............................................2-2

The International Standard Atmosphere ................

.........................................................................2-2

CHAPTER 3

Aircraft Components and Terminology

Wing Pasilion Terminology..

....... ................................ .3-1

Wing Planform Terminology..

..... ... ....... ... .... ... ........... .........................

................... 3-2

W ing Section Terminology ................... ... .............................

............................................

.... 3-6

Aerofoil Cross-sectiona l Shapes.. .................

............................

.. ....... .............

......................3-7

CHAPTER 4

Lift

Introductio n ............. .... .... .............. ... ... ................................................................................................4-1

Airfl ow........... .... .... .............. ............... ............................ ..................4-1

Equation of Continuity .. ................. ........ .................. ....... .4-3

Bernoulli's Theorem . ........... ........ .............. .... ....... .4-4

Angle of Attack .... ...... .. ..... .. ........... ........ .. .... ......... .. . . ........... ...... .. ............................... ....4-6

Two -Dimensi onal Airfl ow ab out an Aerofoil. . ................. ........................................ .4-8

Effect of Angle of Attack on Ihe Airflow about an Aerofoil Section ...............................................................4-9

Chordwise Pres sure Distributions about an Ae rofo il Secti on ................... ....................... ................... ..... .4-11

The Centre of Pressure.. ... ............ ................... ............. .. ... ..... .4-14

Aerodynamic Centre . .. ... ......... ................. .............. .4-16

Lift Formula.. ............. ........... ................. .4-17

Variation of Coefficient of Lift with Angle of Attack...... ............. .......................................................4-17

Three-Dimensional Airflow About an Aerafoi!. ........................................................................................4-18

Wing Shape and its Effect on Lift .......... ... ...............................................................................................4-21

Principles Of Flight

V II

Table o/Contents

CHAPTER 5

Drag

Introduction ....

..................... 5-1

Form Drag

... ....................................

5-2

Boundary La yer. .

..... .... ..... .... ........... .

........ 5-4

........... 5-7

Skin Friction Drag .. ......................... ... ....... .

Factors Affecting Skin Friction Drag ..... .

....... 5-7

Interference Drag.

...... .. ............... 5-8

..................... 5-9

Induced Drag ...... ... .... .

Facto rs Affecting Induced Drag . ... .... ..... ..... ..... .... ..... .... .

............................. 5-10

... ................................

.... 5-14

Methods to Reduce Induced Drag

Drag Formula ..

... ..... .... .... 5-15

................

...... 5-16

Drag Curves .. .

............................... 5-18

Lift/Dra g Ratio .... ..... ...... ...

CHAPTERS

Flying Controls

Introd uction ............

........ ................

..... 6-1

Elevators.

... .... ...... .... .... ..... .... .. ................

....... 6-2

The Stabilator .....

..............

................................

....... .... 6-2

Th e Rudder ... .... ..... .......

.. ....... ...... . ........ ..... .. .

...... ....... 6-3

Aile ro ns .

..............

............ .

..... 6-4

Adverse Aileron Yaw .

............. .......................... ..

....... .... ..... ..... .... .... ..... .... 6-5

Combined Primary Control Surfaces ........................................

........................... 6-6

Aerodynamic Balance ......

.. ........ ....

.. 6-9

Tabs ......

..... ........................ ... .......

.............

............. 6-1 2

Mass Balance......

... ............................ ... ..... .......

......... 6-14

Powere d Flying Controls..

.................

.. 6-14

Po wered Flyi ng Control System ............. ...... .

... ... ....... .

.................................. ....... 6-16

La yout and Req uirements..

...... .... .............. .. ................................................ ...... .... 6-16

Control Input Systems ........

......................

........... 6-16

The Power Control Unit (PCU ) .. ............. .. ............... ......... .. .... ..... ..... ... ..... .... .... ...

.... ..... 6-17

Artificial Feel Systems

... .....................

........ .... ............

.... .. ..... 6-19

Trimming Control Systems.. .............. ...

.... ...... ... .... ..... ..... .. ... ..... ... ..... ....

.... ...... .... ..... ... ..... 6-22

Prin ciple of a Trim Tab .......

.........................

.... ...... 6-22

Trim ming of Powe red Fl ying Controls .................. ...... ...... ..... ....

..6-25

Spoilers ...... .. ......... ....... ... .................. ..............................

....... 6-30

CHAPTER 7

Lift Augmentation

Basic Lift Augmentation System ........... .......... ............ ... ......................................... 7-1

Traili ng Edge Flaps ... .................................. ....... ..... ........ ................... 7-2

Types of Trailing Ed ge Flap s .. .... ............ ........ ... 7-3

Comparison of Different Types ofTrailing Edge Flap.. .... ...... .. ........................................... 7-5

The Effect of Trailing Edge Fla ps on the Stalling Angle .... ... ...... .. .....................

... 7-6

The Effect of Trailing Edge Flaps on the Stall Speed.. ...... .. ....... ..... ..

.7-6

Operation of Trailing Edge Flaps .... .. ................ .. ....

..... ............... 7-7

Use of Trailing Edge Flaps for Take-off.

............................. 7-8

The Effects of Raising the Fla ps in Flight..

..... .... ................... 7-9

The Use of Trai ling Edge Flaps Duri ng the Approach and Land ing .............

... 7-9

High Lift Devices on Transport Category Aircraft

•

.................

..... .......... .. 7-10

Leading Edge High Lift Devices ...

...... ... ..................... 7-11

The Effect of Le ading Edge Flaps on the Stalling Ang le

........................... 7-16

Th e Operation of High Lift De vices on Transport Category Aircraft.

.... ...... ................ 7-17

Protection of Hig h Lift De vices on Transport Category Ai rcraft .

................ .. 7-1 9

Prin ciples O f Fl ight

V11l

Ta ble ofConrel1ls

CHAPTER 8

Stalling

Introduction ............................................. ............. .... ..................... .......................... ........ 8-1

Separated Airflow. ............ .. ....... ...... .. ...................................................... .........8-1

The Stalling Angle of Attack.. ........... .......... .. ......................................................................................8-4

Definition of the JAR/FAR Stalling Speed (VS) ............. ............ ................ .. ......8-5

The Relationship between Stalling Speed and lift ........................................................ ............... .. .........8-5

Re cogn ition of the Sta ll at Low Airspeeds........ ... ..................................... .............. .. ..............8-8

Stall Warning in light Aircraft.. ............... ................. ........................................ .................. .... .8-8

Recovery from a Normal Stall ............................................................................................................ ...... 8-9

Th e Effect of Wing Section on the StalL .... .................. ...................... ...................... .. ..........................8-9

The Effect of Wing Planform on the Stall............. ................... .. ....................................8-10

The Cause of Pitch -up on Sweptback Wings at th e StalL.............. .. ...........................................8-1 3

Devices to Alleviate Wing Tip Stalling............ ................... .................. ................ .. ................. ...........8-14

Stall Sensing in Transport Category Aircraft.. ................................ .......... .......................... .. .. 8-16

The Stall Warning System on Transport Category Aircraft........................................................................8-17

The Stall Prevention System on Tran sport Category Aircraft ....................... .. ........................8-17

Super Stall (Deep Stall) ................ ............... .................. .................. . . .......................................8-18

Accelerated or ·G·-Stall .........................................................................................................................8-19

Spinning.. .......... ................ ............... .................... ............. ................... .. ..........................................8-19

Re covery from a Spin ............. ............................................................. ......... .........................................8-24

CHAPTER 9

Forces Acting On An Aeroplane

Forces in Stead y Level FlighL..... ................................. . ..................................................9-1

liftlWeight and Thru sUDrag Couples .......................................................................................................9-2

The Contribution of the Tailplane ..... ................... ..................... .. ............................................9-5

Straight Steady Climb ..................... .. .......................................................................9-6

Forces in a Straight Steady Climb ................ .. ......................................................................9-7

Straight Steady Desce nt (Dive).. ............................... ............................. .. ............... 9-8

Steady Straight Glide... .. ........................................................................................................9-9

Forces in a Steady Straight Glide ..... .................. ................ ................... ............................. ...9-10

The Effect of the lifUD ra g Ratio on Glide Performa nce .......................................................................... 9-11

The Effect of a Steady Wi nd on Glide Performance ... ............. ................. .. ....................................9-12

The Effect of Weight on Glide Performance ..............................................................................................9-13

Steady Co-ordinated Turn.................................................. .................. .............. ... .... ................ .... ...9-13

Forces Acting on an Aircraft During a Steady Co-ordinated Turn .... ........................ . ............ ........ 9-14

Calculation of the Centripetal Fo rce ........................................................................................... ..............9-14

Turning an Aircraft ........................................................... .....................................................................9-14

Factors Affecti ng an Aircraft·s Radiu s of Turn .................. .. .......... .. __ ...... .. ......................9-16

Balancing the Turn ................................ ...... __________ .. .. __ ............................... ________________________ .9-1 9

Rate of Turn ................................................____________ .. .. ............ ........ ................ ____________ . ________ ..... 9-21

Load Factor ....................................... ...... __ ............ __ ........ . ......... ............... ....... ....... ____ .....................9-21

The Effect of Turning on Stalling Speed ............................................__ ... .. ...... __ ............9-22

Aircraft Response During a Level Banked Turn ....................... __ ................ __ . .. ............... ____ ............9-24

Aircraft Response During Climbing and Descending Turns ____________________________________ . ________________________________ 9-25

Principles OfFlight

Table a/Contents

CHAPTER 10

Stability

Introduction to Stability .................................. ................................ .......... ........ ....... .... ........ .. .. .. .. ... .. 10-1

Controllability............ ..................................... ................. .... ........... ........... ........................................... 10- 1

Static Stability......................................................................................................................................... 10-2

The Degree of Stability.. ....... ........................................................... 10-2

Dynamic Stability............ .............................................................. ..... ........ ............................ 10-3

Slatic Longitu dinal Stability .......... ............................................ ........................ .................................. 10-3

Mathematical Representation of Static Longitudinal Stability ....... ............................................................ 10-4

Factors Affecting Static Longitudin al Stability ................ ........................... .............................................. 10-6

Graphical Representation of Static Longitudinal Stability............... .............. ................................... 10-9

Th e Effect of Elevator Deflection on Pitching Moments ......................................................................... 10-11

Control Force Stability ............................................................................................ ........................... 10-12

Man oeuvring Stability .................................................... ............................................................ 10-14

Tailoring Th e Control Forces ....... .................................................................... .. 10-15

Dynamic Long itudinal Stability ............................. ............................... ........ ...... ...... .............. 10-16

Pilot Induced Oscillations ........... ........... ................................................. ...... 10-17

Directional Static Stability. .................................... .............................. ........................................ 10-17

Graphical Representation of Static Directional Stability ................. ........... ..... .......... . .................. .. 10-18

The Factors Affecting Static Directional Stability.. ...... .......................... .............. ............................. 10-1 8

Lateral Static Stability.. .................... ................ .. ............................ ......................... 10-21

Graphical Representation of Static Lateral Stability ............. ... ............. .. .. .. .. .. ................................. 10-25

Factors Affecting Static Lateral Stability.. . ............................................................... 10-26

Interaction Between Lateral and Directional Static Stability ............................... ........................ 10-26

Dutch Roll ............................................................................................................................................. 10-27

Yaw Damper Systems ..

............................................

.................................. 10-28

Speed Stability............... ............................ ...........................................

.... 10-30

CHAPTER 11

Ground Effect

Introduction ................. ..... ...... ..... .....

........ ........................................

................. ...

. 11 - 1

The Characteristics of Ground Effect..... ........................ ............................................ .......................

11-1

Th e Influence of Ground Effect on Landing .......... ................................ .......................

..................... 11-4

The Influence of Ground Effect on Take-Off ...............................

...............................

............. 11-4

Th e Influence of Ground Effect on Trailing Edge Flaps

.................................................... 11-4

CHAPTER 12

Propellers

Introduction. ..... ........... ............ ........................................ ... ................... 12-1

Propeller Terminology ................................ ............................... ........................ ......................... 12-1

Fa cto rs Affecting th e Blade Angle of Attack ............................................................................................ 12-3

Facto rs Affecting the Blade Thrust Di stri bution .................... ........................... ........................ 12-6

Forces Acting on a Bl ade Section ..................... ........................ ............................................................... 12-6

Centrifugal Turning Moment (C TM ).. ................................................. ...................... ..................... 12-7

Aerodynam ic Turni ng Moment (ATM) .............................................. ............. ... 12-8

Centrifugal Forces ......................................................... .................... ........... ... ... ... ....... ............... 12 -8

Thrust Bending Forces ............. ........... ............................ .... ....... . ..................... ... ................. .. 12 -9

Torque Bending Forces .......................................................................................................................... 12-9

Propeller Efficiency............... .................... .... ........ .... ...... ............. ........................ ................ ........ 12-9

Forces Acting on a Windmilling Blade Section .................... ................................................................... 12-11

Propeller Pitch ... ...... ............ ......................... .... ... ....................................................................... 12-12

Disad va ntages of Fi xed Pitch Propellers .... ................... .................................. 12-14

Th e Varia ble and Constant Speed Propeller .. ............ ..... .......................................... 12-15

Power Absorption .................................. ............................................... ..................... 12-1 6

Propell er Solidity ................................................................................................... ............................... 12-16

Propeller Effects on Take-off........................................................................ .............. .. ....................... 12-16

Propeller Icing ................................ ............................................................................. ...... ..................... 12-20

Prin ciples Of Flight

Plik z chomika:

Inne pliki z tego folderu:

Inne foldery tego chomika: