Object-Oriented Programming in C++ (4th Edition) by Robert Lafore.pdf

Object-Oriented Programming in C++,

Fourth Edition

Robert Lafore

800 East 96th St.,Indianapolis,Indiana 46240 USA

2002 by Sams Publishing

retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photo-

copying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the pub-

lisher. No patent liability is assumed with respect to the use of the information

contained herein. Although every precaution has been taken in the preparation

of this book, the publisher and author assume no responsibility for errors or

omissions. Nor is any liability assumed for damages resulting from the use of

the information contained herein.

International Standard Book Number: 0-672-32308-7

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2001094813

Printed in the United States of America

First Printing: December 2001

04 03 02 01

E XECUTIVE E DITOR

Michael Stephens

A CQUISITIONS E DITOR

Michael Stephens

M ANAGING E DITOR

Matt Purcell

P ROJECT E DITORS

Angela Boley

Christina Smith

I NDEXER

Rebecca Salerno

4321

P ROOFREADER

Matt Wynalda

Trademarks

All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service

marks have been appropriately capitalized. Sams Publishing cannot attest to

the accuracy of this information. Use of a term in this book should not be

regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark.

T ECHNICAL E DITOR

Mark Cashman

T EAM C OORDINATOR

Pamalee Nelson

M EDIA D EVELOPER

Dan Scherf

Warning and Disclaimer

Every effort has been made to make this book as complete and as accurate as

possible, but no warranty or fitness is implied. The information provided is on

an “as is” basis. The author and the publisher shall have neither liability nor

responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damages

arising from the information contained in this book.

I NTERIOR D ESIGNER

Gary Adair

C OVER D ESIGNER

Alan Clements

P AGE L AYOUT

Ayanna Lacey

Overview

Introduction 1

1he Big Picture 9

2 C++ Programming Basics 29

3 Loops and Decisions 75

4tructures 131

5 Functions 161

6 Objects and Classes 215

7Arrays and Strings 263

8 Operator Overloading 319

9 Inheritance 371

10 Pointers 429

11 Virtual Functions 503

12 Streams and Files 567

13 Multifile Programs 633

14 Templates and Exceptions 681

15 The Standard Template Library 725

16 Object-Oriented Software Development 801

A ASCII Chart 849

B C++ Precedence Table and Keywords 859

CMicrosoft Visual C++ 863

D Borland C++Builder 871

E Console Graphics Lite 881

F STL Algorithms and Member Functions 895

G Answers to Questions and Exercises 913

H Bibliography 977

Index 981

Contents

Introduction 1

1 The Big Picture 9

Why Do We Need Object-Oriented Programming? ..............................10

Procedural Languages ......................................................................10

The Object-Oriented Approach ........................................................13

Characteristics of Object-Oriented Languages......................................16

Objects ..............................................................................................16

Classes ..............................................................................................18

Inheritance ........................................................................................18

Reusability ........................................................................................21

Creating New Data Types ................................................................21

Polymorphism and Overloading ......................................................21

C++ and C..............................................................................................22

Laying the Groundwork ........................................................................23

The Unified Modeling Language (UML) ..............................................23

Summary ................................................................................................25

Questions................................................................................................25

2 C++ Programming Basics 29

Getting Started ......................................................................................30

Basic Program Construction ..................................................................30

Functions ..........................................................................................31

Program Statements..........................................................................32

Whitespace........................................................................................33

Output Using cout ................................................................................33

String Constants................................................................................34

Directives ..............................................................................................35

Preprocessor Directives ....................................................................35

Header Files......................................................................................35

The using Directive..........................................................................36

Comments ..............................................................................................36

Comment Syntax ..............................................................................36

When to Use Comments ..................................................................37

Alternative Comment Syntax ..........................................................37

Integer Variables ....................................................................................38

Defining Integer Variables ................................................................38

Declarations and Definitions ............................................................40

Va riable Names ................................................................................40

Assignment Statements ....................................................................40

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