english verb tenses book.pdf

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English Verb Tenses:
An informal reference
for ESL students, the good folks who teach them,
and the idly curious
by
Kent Uchiyama
copyright 2006
2
Contents
How to Use (and Not to Use) This Guide...............................................................5
The Tenses and Their Main Meanings: A Quick Overview..................................10
Which Verb Tense Should I Use? A Very Rough Guide.......................................13
Simple Present
Basic Stuff...................................................................................................17
More Stuff..................................................................................................20
Extra Stuff...................................................................................................24
Present Progressive
Basic Stuff...................................................................................................27
More Stuff..................................................................................................29
Extra Stuff......................................... .........................................................34
Simple Past
Basic Stuff...................................................................................................44
More Stuff...................................................................................................47
Past Progressive
Basic Stuff....................................................................................................49
More Stuff....................................................................................................51
Extra Stuff....................................................................................................54
Future Tense
Basic Stuff.....................................................................................................59
More Stuff.....................................................................................................62
Extra Stuff......................................................................................................67
Future Progressive
Basic Stuff......................................................................................................73
More Stuff......................................................................................................76
Extra Stuff.......................................................................................................77
Present Perfect
Introduction....................................................................................................78
A Brief Survival Guide...................................................................................79
3
Present Perfect
Meaning #1
Basic Stuff.......................................................................................................83
More Stuff......................................................................................................84
Extra Stuff.......................................................................................................88
Meaning #1b
Basic Stuff.......................................................................................................93
More Stuff.......................................................................................................94
Extra Stuff.......................................................................................................96
Meaning #2
Basic Stuff.......................................................................................................98
More Stuff.......................................................................................................99
Extra Stuff.....................................................................................................104
Meaning #3
Basic Stuff.....................................................................................................110
More Stuff.....................................................................................................111
Some Final Points about the Present Perfect............................................................113
Present Perfect Progressive
Basic Stuff.....................................................................................................115
More Stuff.....................................................................................................117
Past Perfect
Basic Stuff.....................................................................................................120
More Stuff....................................................................................................122
Extra Stuff.....................................................................................................124
Past Perfect Progressive
Basic Stuff.....................................................................................................125
More Stuff....................................................................................................128
Extra Stuff.....................................................................................................129
Future Perfect
Basic Stuff......................................................................................................132
More Stuff......................................................................................................134
Future Perfect Progressive
Basic Stuff......................................................................................................135
More Stuff......................................................................................................138
Extra Stuff.......................................................................................................140
Appendix I: Questions about the Subject....................................................................142
4
Appendix II: Books and Websites You Might Find Useful...................................... ..144
A few thank-you’s.....................................................................................................148
5
How to Use (and Not to Use) This Guide
How to Use (and Not to Use) This Guide:
Some Suggestions
1. Don’t read this guide from beginning to end
You probably shouldn’t try to read this book from cover to cover. Some
of the information in the book will be helpful for beginning students, but not for
advanced students. Other information in this book will be helpful for more
advanced students, but not for beginning or intermediate students. You’ll find
some guidelines about which parts of this guide will be useful for you in #2
below.
As a general rule, I think this guide will be most helpful if you just use it as
a reference when you want more explanation about one of the tenses or when you
have a specific question. This guide contains a lot of information, and so I’ve
tried to make it easy to find the information you want. Here are some steps that
will help you:
1. Look in the Table of Contents (p2) for the verb tense you want.
2. Look over the Basic Stuff about that verb tense.
3. If the answer to your question isn’t in the Basic Stuff section, look in
the More Stuff section. You won’t have to read everything; use the
titles of each point to help you find your answer.
4. If you don’t find the answer to your question in the More Stuff section,
try the Extra Stuff section.
5. If you can’t find the answer to your question in this guide, see #4 below.
Important points about using verb tenses are in blue . References to other parts of
the book where you can find more information are in red .
2. The parts of this guide you’ll probably find most useful
Here are some rough guidelines about which parts of this book will
probably be useful to you. These are only rough guidelines; your individual needs
and interest may differ from what I’ve suggested here.
High beginning and low intermediate students (ESL 110a students)
The Tenses and Their Main Uses
Which Verb Tense Should I Use?

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