WorkingOnWork.pdf

WORKING

ON WORK

A booklet on how to understand youth unemployment

and use Youth in Action projects as tools to support

the access of young people with fewer opportunities

into the labour market.

Download this and other

SALTO youth work publications free at

www.SALTO-YOUTH.net/inclusionforall

SALTO-YOUTH

I N C L U S I O N

RESOURCE CENTRE

Education and Culture

WORKING

ON WORK

This document does not necessarily reﬂ ect the ofﬁ cial views of the European Commission,

the SALTO Inclusion Resource Centre or the organisations co-operating with them.

SALTO-YOUTH STANDS FOR…

…‘ S upport and A dvanced L earning and T raining O pportunities within the Youth in Action

programme’. The European Commission has created a network of eight SALTO-YOUTH Resource

Centres to enhance the implementation of the EU Youth in Action programme, which provides

young people with valuable non-formal learning experiences.

SALTO’s aim is to support the implementation of the European Youth in Action Programme

with regard to priorities such as Social Inclusion, Cultural Diversity and Participation. SALTO

also supports co-operation with regions such as EuroMed, South-East Europe or Eastern Europe

and The Caucasus and co-ordinates all training and co-operation activities, as well as information

tools for National Agencies.

In these European priority areas, SALTO-YOUTH provides resources, information and training

for National Agencies and European youth workers. Most of these resources are offered and

disseminated at www.SALTO-YOUTH.net. Find online the European Training Calendar, the

Toolbox for Training and Youth Work, the database of youth ﬁ eld trainers active at European

level (Trainers Online for Youth or TOY), links to online resources and much, much more...

SALTO-YOUTH actively co-operates with other actors in the European youth ﬁ eld, among them

the National Agencies and Co-ordinators of the Youth in Action Programme, the Council of Europe,

the European Youth Forum, European youth workers and trainers and training organisers.

THE SALTO-YOUTH INCLUSION RESOURCE CENTRE

WWW.SALTO-YOUTH.NET/INCLUSION/

The SALTO-YOUTH Inclusion Resource Centre (based in Belgium-Flanders) works together with

the European Commission to support the inclusion of young people with fewer opportunities

in the Youth in Action programme and through that to contribute to social cohesion in society at

large. SALTO-Inclusion also supports the National Agencies and youth workers in their inclusion

work by providing training, developing youth work methods, disseminating information via its

newsletter, etc.

Besides this focus on inclusion, the SALTO Inclusion Resource Centre also carries out horizontal

tasks on behalf of the whole SALTO network, such as the Trainers Online for Youth (TOY)

database, SALTO-YOUTH.net website developments, publications (for example Making Waves

booklet about visibility, dissemination and exploitation of project results).

For more information and resources, have a look at the Inclusion pages at

www.SALTO-YOUTH.net/Inclusion/

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 4

Setting the work scene: youth unemployment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 8

The macro- and micro-level

perspectives on youth unemployment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 9

Structural factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 9

Individual factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Unemployment and social exclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Youth unemployment in the policy agenda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Social exclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Creativity and Entrepreneurship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Youth unemployment -How to break it? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Some general approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Positive thinking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Empowering young jobseekers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Fighting against social exclusion from

the multi-problem perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

Youth in Action as a tool to work on work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

Youth exchanges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

Youth initiatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

Youth Democracy Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

European Voluntary Service (EVS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

Training and networking projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

National and trans-national youth seminars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

The Youthpass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

Call for Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

Authors and Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

Further Reading & other resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88