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Secrets of Methamphetamine Manufacture (3rd ed.)
by Uncle Fester
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INTRODUCTION
This book is the result of six years experience in the field of
manufacturing methamphetamine. It contains virtually everything I know
about the subject. There are a lot of secrets in this area, hence the title
Secrets of Methamphetamine Manufacture.
A thorough review of the scientific literature on this subject will
show that the descriptions of this process are, at best, vague and
imprecise, at worst, downright wrong. The Russian journals are especially
unreliable.
There are two reasons for this. First of all, the companies holding
patents on the processes want to keep their trade secrets secure, so they
disclose no more than is absolutely necessary to obtain their patents.
Secondly, the articles written by university scientists cover the making of
large numbers of compounds and so do not delve deeply into the details of
making any particular one.
This book fills the glaring gap in published scientific literature. The
reader receives the benefit of my lengthy scientific education at expensive
and prestigious universities and detailed knowledge of these processes that
would otherwise be available only through tedious and expensive
experiments. There is no magic involved, only good chemistry, and I show
how underground chemists manufacture illegal drugs and get away with it.
Skilled and successful underground chemists have usually taken a
college level Organic Chemistry course, with lab, for at least one
semester. In this lab, they get practice in distillation, extraction, and
other skills involved in making methamphetamine. At the very least, they
will go to a college bookstore and purchase the lab manual for the Organic
Chemistry class. That book goes into some detail on how to distill, reflux,
etc.
While this book is not meant to encourage anyone to break the law, it
does point out the ultimate futility of government prohibition of
"controlled substances" by showing just how easily these substances can be
manufactured.
Underground drug manufacturers sometimes enjoy chipping into their own
product. If there is one product which underground chemists can make, and
also enjoy themselves, it is methamphetamine, the fuel that powered the
Third Reich. They need have no fear of messing up their batches while under
the influence of methamphetamine, unlike chemical garbage such as PCP.
Legal methamphetamine is sold under such trade names as Desoxyn,
Methedrine, etc. It is closely related both in structure and effects to
regular amphetamine, called benzedrine and dexedrine.
The difference between methedrine and benzedrine is that meth is more
potent and its effect lasts a longer time. Meth is a potent stimulant
similar in effect to cocaine, but much longer lasting. Where I come from,
if people have a choice between coke and meth, they will choose meth,
unless it's 2 AM. This is because meth is a much better bargain and can
keep a man rolling through a hard day's work or a long night of play, or
both. It sharpens the mind, allowing great amounts of mental work to be
done quickly and error-free. It also sharpens one's reflexes to previously
unknown levels, perfect for football. If you are planning to get into a
fight, there is nothing better. It's not banned from boxing for nothing.
The effects of meth on sexual function is a crap shoot. One day you
will be a sexual athlete, the likes of which has never been seen this side
of the porno flicks, the next you will be a complete failure. The odds in
favor of athleticism are about 3 to 1, but can be improved by moderate
alcohol consumption, and worsened by heavy drinking or immoderate use of
meth. Poorly purified meth also has this drawback. The product should be
distilled carefully.
On the street, methamphetamine is known by such names as meth, crystal
meth, crystal, speed, crank or wire. Most of the stuff on the street shows
the telltale signs of sloppy lab work: yellow crystals, sticky crystals, or
a tendency to soak up water from the air and melt.
Back in the 60s, meth got a bad name because fools were shooting the
stuff up constantly, starving themselves to death or getting hepatitis.
This is how the slogan "speed kills" got started. If you do not have
suicidal tendencies, accept the fact that your sinus cavities are close
enough to your brain. You must also control your intake of meth. I would
recommend no more than 50 milligrams (1/20 gram), no more than three times a
week. Any more than this, and bad effects begin to appear, such as
difficulty in thinking clearly, paranoid behavior and excessive weight loss
leading finally to amphetamine psychosis, which quickly fades upon stopping
consumption of amphetamine. Meth is not physically addicting, but since
good effective stimulation is so enjoyable, it is habit-forming. People
have been known to take extremely large doses, over a gram, and survive
with no after effects, so overdoses are not a problem unless you have some
underlying problem like a bad heart or hard arteries.
I have some recommendations for underground chemists who consume their
own product. First of all, they must eat well whether they feel like eating
or not. Most people can stand to lose 10 pounds or so, but beyond that,
forget it. It has been my experience that a few beers is usually all it
takes to get a speed demon in the mood to eat. They'll probably need a few
beers to get to sleep anyway, so they might as well take care of both
things at once. I also recommend a 1/2 gram of phenylalanine per day. This
is because meth works by releasing stores of norepinephrine from the brain,
charging it up to new levels of activity. The amino acid phenylalanine is
the starting material for making more norepinephrine, and a good supply of
it will help refill spent stocks. They should also take a good
mega-multi-vitamin with the minerals, selenium and zinc. They must not take
methamphetamine closer than 6-8 hours before bedtime, or they will have to
drink the bar dry to get to sleep.
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CHEMICALS AND EQUIPMENT
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The heart of the chemical laboratory is the set of glassware
collectively called "the kit." It consists of several round bottom flasks,
a claisen adapter, a still head with thermometer holder, a thermometer, a
condenser, a vacuum adapter and a separatory funnel (sep funnel, for
short). These pieces each have ground glass joints of the same size, so
that the set can be put together in a variety of ways, depending on the
process being done. For the production of quarter to third of a pound
batches, 24/40 size ground glass joints are used. Also necessary are one
each of the following sizes of round bottom flasks: 3000 ml, 2000 ml and
500 ml; and two each of 1000 ml and 250 ml. Two condensers are also
required, both of the straight central tube variety, one about 35 cm in
length, the other about 50 cm in length.
Other glassware used are several 500 ml Erlenmeyer flasks, about 5
pieces of plain (not Pyrex) glass tubing about three feet long, and a
Buchner filtering funnel with the filtering flask it fits into.
All this glassware costs in the range of $600-$700, and is available at
many scientific supply houses on a cash-and-carry basis. The best equipment
supply house in the Midwest is Sargent-Welch in Skokie. Illinois.
Another necessary piece of equipment is a source of vacuum for vacuum
distillation and filtering the crystal product. Here there are two choices.
each with its advantages and disadvantages.
One choice is the aspirator, also called a water pump. It works by
running tap water through it under good pressure, producing a vacuum in the
side arm theoretically equal to the vapor pressure of the water being run
through it (see Figure 1). For this reason, the best vacuum is obtained
with cold water, since it has a lower vapor pressure. The vacuum is brought
from the side arm to the glassware by an automotive type vacuum hose such
as can be purchased at an auto parts store. The vacuum adapter and
filtering flask each have nipples to which the other end of the hose is
attached, making it possible to produce a vacuum inside the glassware. The
top end of the aspirator is threaded so it can be threaded into the water
source. Alternatively, the threaded head can be pushed inside a section of
garden house and secured by a pipe clamp. The hose can then be attached to
a cold water faucet. The bottom end of the aspirator, where the water comes
out, is rippled and can also be pushed and clamped inside a section of
garden hose leading to the drain. The aspirator is kept in an upright
position and at a lower level than the glassware it serves. This is because
water has a habit of finding its wav into the vacuum hose and running into
the batch. Keeping the aspirator lower forces the water to run uphill to
get into the glassware. The aspirator has the disadvantage that it requires
constant water pressure flowing through it, or the vacuum inside the
glassware draws water from it inside to make a mess of the batch. For this
reason, only city water is used. And, unless the vacuum line is
disconnected from the glassware before the water flow through the aspirator
is turned off, the same thing will happen. The aspirator has these
advantages: it flushes fumes from the chemicals down with the water flow,
costs only about $10, and produces no sparks. A well-working aspirator
produces a vacuum of 10 to 20 torr (2 to 3% of normal air pressure)(The
unit "torr" means one milliliter of Mercury pressure. Normal air pressure
is 760 torr.).
The other choice for a source of vacuum is an electric vacuum pump,
which costs about $200, not including the electric motor, purchased
separately. To avoid the danger of sparks, the motor must be properly
grounded. The pump has the advantage that it can be used in the country,
where steady water pressure is not available. It also produces a better
vacuum than the aspirator, about 5 torr, for faster and lower temperature
distillation. It has the disadvantage of exhausting the chemical fumes it
pumps into the room air, unless provision is made to pump them outside. The
oil inside the pump also tends to absorb the vapors of ether or benzene it
is pumping, thereby ruining the vacuum it can produce and making it
necessary to change the oil.
Another necessary piece of equipment is a single-burner-element buffet
range with infinite temperature control. It is perfect for every heating
operation and only costs about $20 at a department store. Finally, a couple
of ringstands with a few Fisher clamps are used to hold the glassware in
position.
A number of troublesome yet futile laws have been enacted since the
publication of the first edition of this book. On the federal level,
phenylacetic acid and phenylacetronitrile are now restricted chemicals. See
Federal Register, Section 1310.02 Section A, "listed precursor chemicals."
This means that clandestine operators wishing to use these materials will
either have to smuggle them in from abroad, or make them from simpler,
noncontrolled materials. For this last option, see Organic Syntheses,
Collective Volumes I, II, and III. Check the table of contents to find
directions for making the desired substance.
An even more noxious, yet similarly futile law has been enacted in
California. Since this is bound to be the model for similar laws enacted
throughout the country, let's examine it more closely.
The most easily defeated part of the law concems the sale of chem lab
equipment and chemicals. The law states that purchasers of equipment and/or
chemicals in excess of $100 must present proper ID, and that the seller
must save the bill of sale for inspection by officers of the law. Since
most individual pieces of chem lab equipment go for less than $100, this
law is gotten around by keeping one's equipment purchases under $100, and
splitting up one's business between various suppliers. The five finger
discount method while attending college chem lab courses is another option.
Similarly, transfers between friends, and the old fashioned heist from
well-stocked labs are other ways around this law.
The most stringent section of the law is aimed primarily at production
of meth, LSD, MDA and MDMA, PCP, and the barbiturates. Of those chemicals
relevant to this book, it lists: phenylacetone, methylamine, phenylacetic
acid, ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, norpseudoephedrine, phenylpropanolamine,
isosafrole, safrole, piperonal, benzyl cyanide, chlorephedrine, thionyl
chloride, and N-methyl derivatives of ephedrine.
This section of the law states that anyone wishing to purchase these
chemicals must obtain a permit. Anyone wishing to obtain such a permit must
submit two sets of his ten fingerprints to the authorities. It is
interesting to note here that the over-the-counter stimulants which contain
ephedrine sulfate or phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride are exempt from
these restrictions. Dexatrim, and those mail order white crosses, have not
been made illegal. The determined experimenter can easily extract the
needed starting material out of the legal "stimulant" pills.
A third, and less restricted, class of chemicals deals mainly with
meth, and PCP. The chemicals of interest here are: sodium and potassium
cyanide, bromobenzene, magnesium turnings (the last two also have PCP
implications), mercuric chloride, sodium metal, palladium black, and acetic
anhydride. For this class of chemicals, the law requires presentation of
proper ID (i.e., state-issued photo ID) and calls for the seller to record
said ID. The obvious ways around this section of the law are to do business
in less nosy states, or to obtain false identification.
Clandestine operators also need to know that the law allows the central
scrutinizers to add chemicals to the lists without waming or approval. So
the new precursors mentioned in this book could go on the lists of
restricted chemicals at any time.
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THE LEUCKARDT-WALLACH REACTION: AN OVERVIEW
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The best way to produce batches of up to one-half pound in size is by
the Leuckardt-Wallach reaction. It is one of the touchiest reactions there
is, right up there with the Grignard reaction.
The Leuckardt-Wallach reaction involves reacting a ketone with two
molecules of a formamide to produce the formyl derivative of an amine,
which is then hydrolyzed with hydrochloric acid to produce the desired
amine. In this case, the reaction is shown on page 14.
There are several reviews of this reaction in the scientific
literature, the best of them Crossley and More in the Journal of Chemistry
(1949).
The conditions which favor the production of high yields of fine
quality products are as follows. There should be a small amount of formic
acid in the reaction mixture, because it acts as a catalyst. It should be
buffered by the presence of some free methylamine, to prevent the pH of the
reaction mixture from falling too low (becoming too acidic). The presence
of water in the reaction mixture is to be avoided at all costs, because
this really messes up the reaction. It prevents the phenylacetone from
dissolving in the N-methylformamide, leading to low yields of
purple-colored crystal. The directions I give in a later chapter for making
N-methylformamide give a product which is perfect for this reaction.
It is also important that the reaction be done at the lowest
temperature at which it will proceed smoothly, and that the heating be
continued for as long as the reaction is still going. In this way nearly
all the phenylacetone is converted to methamphetamine.
There is one stumbling block in the path of underground chemists: in
1979, the DEA made phenylacetone illegal to purchase or possess.
N-methylformamide is also risky to obtain, although it is not illegal and
is used in industry as a solvent.
However, they are both easy to make. And, because of these
restrictions, the price of methamphetamine has gone above $100 per gram,
while it costs only $1 or $2 per gram to make.
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