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Choosing Biennials and Perennials for Montana Gardens
Choosing Biennials
and Perennials for
Montana Gardens
by Cheryl Moore-Gough, Extension Horticulture Specialist
and Robert E. Gough, MSU Professor of Horticulture
MontGuide
Although Montana is not the easiest place to grow lowers, with care—the
sort of maintenance, watering, staking, and feeding described here—you can have
beautiful plantings in your yard. The extensive charts in this publication describe
many perennial and biennial lowers that grow fairly well under our conditions.
MT199903AG Revised 10/07
BIENNIALS AND PERENNIALS CAN BE USED TO FILL
in between shrubs, as a border to shrubs in foundation
plantings, and as lower borders at the edges of lawns and
along sidewalks and driveways. All of the plants were
brought into cultivation from wildlowers and this culti-
vation and domestication has generally led to larger plants
and lowers. In some cases domestication has led to highly
specialized lowers that no longer set seed. Such plants can
only be propagated vegetatively.
Herbaceous perennials have diverse cultural require-
ments but all commonly die back to the soil line during
our Montana winters. heir perennial roots regenerate
a new top each spring. Plant perennials in spring or fall,
though fall planting is usually preferable. Biennials often
form a rosette of leaves that remain close to the ground
during the winter of their irst year. he second season
the plants produce lowers and seed stalks, then die. he
hardier biennials can be sown in spring and transplanted to
areas where they will bloom the following year. All biennials
can also be transplanted to the garden in the spring of their
lowering year and treated as you would treat annuals. Pull
them as their blooms fade to make room for other plants
and to keep the garden neat.
Although soils can be amended somewhat, most
biennials and perennials have speciic soil requirements so
choose the right plant for the site you have in mind. Most
do well in a well-drained loamy soil high in organic matter
and adequately supplied with nitrogen and phosphorus.
Prepare the soil by deep tilling to a depth of about 20
inches to encourage normally shallow roots to grow deeper.
If the soil is poorly drained, incorporate some coarse sand
into the area at planting. Most of these lowers do best in
a nearly neutral soil, but
Anemone hupehensis
, 'Japonica',
hollyhocks, and
Iris
prefer a slightly alkaline soil.
Daffodil (
Narcissus
spp.) is the
name given narcissi that have
prominent trumpets. All daffodils
are narcissi—but not all narcissi
are daffodils.
(See p. 6)
For More Online MontGuides, Visit www.montana.edu/publications
A-14
General Maintenance
Survey the garden each spring. Press back into place
plants that have heaved out during winter. Divide or
replace plants that are weak or crowded and remove dead
or diseased plants and plant parts as soon as they appear.
Some perennials are comparatively short-lived.
Columbines, lupines, delphiniums and some
Linum
and
Daphne
often die out after several years. Others, like
Iris
,
Phlox
, and the hardy asters can live for many years. Lift
and divide these every year or two to keep their blooms
large and healthy.
Watering
Most of these plants require moderate but thorough
watering once each week to wet the soil to a depth of at
least a foot.
Deadheading
Removing the spent lower stalks (deadheading) from
perennials tidies the garden and prevents the maturation
of seed and allows the plant to shunt more food reserves
into the crown and root areas for better growth next year.
Deadhead your plants as the lowers begin to fade.
Staking
his is necessary to support weak and loppy stems and
to protect tall lower spikes from being bent or broken
by strong winds. Dahlias, asters, delphiniums and others
require tall, strong stakes of bamboo or steel. Peonies can
be supported by large wire hoops surrounding the plants.
Never tie stalks tightly to stakes, which could crush
their stems. Bare wire and small-diameter twine can cut
stems. Instead, use soft waterproof tape, large-diameter
binder or baler twine, or strips cut from discarded panty
hose.
Fertility
Apply a complete fertilizer such as 8–8–8 or 5–10–10
as soon as spring growth begins at the rate of about
2 pounds per 100 square feet. Fertilize again in early
summer. Do not apply fertilizer after late June since it can
stimulate late vegetative growth that could cause the plant
to enter the fall in an immature condition.
Several inches of partially rotted manure or compost,
applied as a mulch over the plants in the fall when the
topgrowth has died down, supplies some nutrients and
adds valuable organic matter to the soil to improve plant
growth. Do not apply manure or compost mulch to
plants susceptible to crown rots. hese are so noted in the
following table.
Montana is not the easiest place to grow lowers,
but with care you can have beautiful plantings in your
yard. he chart on pp. 2–5 describes some perennial
and biennial lowers that will grow fairly well under
our conditions. Some species can be classed as either
perennial or biennial depending upon soil fertility as well
as genetics.
Renewal
Renew your gardens every several years to prevent
perennial plants from becoming crowded and producing
inferior blooms. You can renovate the gardens in spring
or fall, but fall is usually preferable since you may have
more time then and you can plant new bulbs during
renovation.
Remove the perennials and work liberal quantities
of compost or rotten manure into the bed, then divide
the plants if necessary and reset them. Peonies,
Dicentra
(bleeding hearts) and Oriental poppies often do poorly if
disturbed, so leave them in place during renovation.
2
PERENNIALS AND BIENNIALS (arranged alphabetically by scientiic name)
Plant
Color
of bloom
Season
in bloom
Height
of plant
Season
to plant
Remarks
Hollyhock
(
Alcea
spp.)
Various
All summer
5 to 9 ft.
Spring
Thrive in any soil but do best in a rich, well-
drained soil and sunny position. Usually biennial
in habit. Plant seeds each spring. Pinch main
stem early in the season for a shorter plant.
Anemone
hupehensis
'
Japonica'
Rose, pink,
white
Fall
2 ft.
Transplant in
early spring
Requires protection from wind and a deep, rich,
moist soil, but well-drained location, especially
for winter. Flourishes best when partly shaded
from mid-day sun. Interplant with early lowering
plants.
Columbine
(
Aquilegia
spp.)
Various
June to Aug. 2 to 3 ft.
Sow seeds in
spring. Trans-
plant in Sept.
Hybrids can be increased by division of plants.
Columbines thrive in average garden soil. They
respond to top dressing of peat moss or rotted
manure made in late fall or early spring. Partial
shade desirable. A small leaf miner feeds within
the leaves—burn infested foliage. Self-sows.
Deer resistant.
Hardy Fall Aster
Michaelmas
Daisy
(
Aster
spp.)
Purple, pink,
lavender,
rose, white
Fall
6 in. to 6 ft. Transplant in
early spring
Thrive in a wide range of soils but prefer a moist
garden loam. Separate clumps every spring into
divisions of 3 or 4 shoots each. Attracts birds
and beneicial insects.
Aurinia saxatilis
Common names
include: Basket
of Gold, Golden
Tuft, Rock Mad-
wort, Gold-Dust
Brilliant
yellow
Late spring &
early summer
10 in.
Plant seedlings
in early spring
Full sun and well-drained soils preferred. With-
stands dry conditions and is not particular about
fertility. Commonly used in rock gardens. Desir-
able in the perennial border for its spring effect.
Canterbury Bells
(
Campanula
medium
)
Various
Early summer 2 ft.
Transplant in
late summer
Biennial. Sow seed in early spring. Transplant in
late summer. Medium-textured rich garden soil;
plenty of moisture. Protect from mid-day sun. Can
be invasive.
Painted Daisy
or Pyrethrum
Roseum
(
Chrysanthmum-
coccineum
)
Rose, pink,
crimson, white
Early summer 1.5 to 2 ft
Sept.
May be started from seed sown in spring but it is
better to increase by division of plants in fall to
perpetuate color and form. Require well drained,
moderately fertile soil. They thrive in full sun.
Pinch.
Hardy Chry-
santhemum
(
C. x morifo-
lium
)also called
Florists’ Chry-
santhemum
Various
Late summer
& fall
1.5 to 3 ft. Replant in early
spring
Propagated by division of old plants. Separate
and replant well-rooted young shoots in early
spring. Work well-rotted manure and phosphate
into soil by spading deeply. In late fall, cut tops
several inches above ground. Use tops, other
coarse material for mulching. Pinch.
Shasta Daisy
(
Chrysanthe-
mum x super-
bum
)
White
July to Sept. 2 ft.
Transplant in
early spring or
Sept.
Good surface drainage as well as under-drainage
is needed; otherwise plants may winterkill.
Good garden loam with a good supply of organic
material is needed for best growth. Addition of
phosphate improves quality of the bloom. Pinch.
Can be invasive.
Lily-of-the-Valley
(
Convallaria
majalis
)
White
Early summer 8 to 10 in.
Fall or early
spring
Plant in a rich moist soil in shaded areas. Plants
multiply rapidly and require lifting and thinning
every two to three years. Top-dress with manure
or compost in fall. Deer resistant.
Coreopsis lan-
ceolata
(Also
C.
grandilora
)
Yellow
All summer
2 ft.
Early spring or
Sept.
Good for cut lowers and desirable for growing
with shrubs. Deer resistant. Attracts butterlies
and birds.
3
PERENNIALS AND BIENNIALS (arranged alphabetically by scientiic name)
Plant
Color of
bloom
Season in
bloom
Height of
plant
Seaston to
plant
Remarks
Crocus (
Crocus
spp.)
Various
April & May
5 in.
Sept.
Can be grown on lawns and left undisturbed for
several years. Set bulbs 3 in. apart and about 3
in. deep. They grow in various types of soils but
prefer well-drained, sandy loam.
Dahlia (
Dahlia
spp.)
Various
Aug. to Oct.
3 to 6 ft. May
Time planting so plants will emerge after spring
frost. Plant tubers 6 in. deep. Each tuber should
have at least one good sprout or bud. Cover
tubers with 2 in. of soil to start. Replace rest of
soil as growth starts. Destroy all dwarfed plants.
Cut tops 6 in. above ground after irst fall frost.
Dig clumps of tubers about 2 weeks later. Store
in cool, dark place. Cover with sawdust or peat
moss to prevent drying and shrivelling during
storage.
Delphinium or
larkspur (
Del-
phinium
spp.)
Various
Early
summer
3 to 6 ft.
Sow seeds
as soon
as mature or
early spring.
Transplant in
late summer.
Grow in full sunlight. Prefer medium texture deep
rich soil. Avoid the use of manure where leaf
spot and stem rot is troublesome. The Siberian
Larkspur is a smaller type, hardy and suitable for
smaller gardens.
Sweet-William
(
Dianthus bar-
batus
)
Various
Summer
1.5 ft.
Sow seeds in
early spring,
transplant early
fall.
Prefers deep, rich, sandy soil but does well on
heavier soils. Requires full sun.
Cottage Pink,
Grass Pink, or
Garden Pink
(
Dianthus
plumarius
)
Pink
Late June to
Aug.
8 to 12 in. Sow seeds in
early spring.
Transplant in
late summer,
early spring.
Use in the border or in rock gardens. Withstands
drought but requires good drainage. Often very
fragrant.
Bleeding
Heart (
Dicentra
spectabilis
)
Pink, white
Spring & sum-
mer
3 ft.
Spring
Prefers light shade but will tolerate partial or
full shade. WIll die back in very hot summers.
Maintain moisture in soil while blooming. Deer
resistant.
Foxglove (
Digi-
talis purpurea
)
Purple, white
dappled
July to Aug.
3.5 to 5 ft. Sow seeds in
early spring.
An old-time biennial. Sow seed each spring,
transplant in late summer. Will thrive in full sun
or partial shade when planted in rich soil and
given ample moisture.
Blanket lower
(
Gaillardia
aristata
)
Yellow
All summer
2 ft.
Early spring
Excellent for use in the border and for cut low-
ers. Adaptable to wide range of soil and climatic
conditions. Attracts butterlies. Deer resistant.
Snowdrop (
Gal-
anthus
spp.)
White
Early spring
5 in.
Early fall
Plant 3 in. deep in cool, moist, well-drained
soil. They thrive in most locations but prefer the
shelter of trees.
Prairie Smoke
(
Geum
spp.)
White, orange,
yellow, red
July & Aug.
1 ft.
Spring
Propagated by seeds, cuttings or division in late
summer. Require plenty of moisture but need
good drainage. Good for cut lowers but should be
placed in warm water to avoid wilting.
Gladiolus (
Gladi-
olus
spp.)
Various
July to Oct.
3 to 5 ft.
May
Glads prefer an enriched, sandy loam soil. Apply
3 lbs. of 5-10-5 to each 100 feet of row. Place
the fertilizer in narrow bands at about the same
depth as the corms are planted and 1 to 2 in.
away from them. Remove and burn old dry skins.
Dig up and store corms indoors for winter.
Daylily (
Hemero-
callis
spp.)
Orange, yellow July & Aug.
3 ft.
Sept.
Succeeds under various conditions. Does well in
the border or at the edge of shrubs. Does best in
a rich soil and partial shade. Divide every two to
three years.
4
PERENNIALS AND BIENNIALS (arranged alphabetically by scientiic name)
Plant
Color of
bloom
Season in
bloom
Height of
plant
Season to plant Remarks
Coral Bells
(
Heuchera san-
guinea
)
Various
June to
Sept.
1.5 to
2 ft.
Fall
Propagated from seed planted early in spring or
divisions in fall. Prefers partial shade. Drought
resistant once established. They do best in deep
rich garden loam and will not succeed in clay.
Hyacinth (
Hya-
cinthus
spp.)
Various
May
8 to 12 in. Oct.
Hyacinths do well in good garden soil but respond
to manure. The manure should not come in
contact with the bulb, but is placed in a 3 in. layer
about 2 in. below the bulb.
Iris (
Iris
spp.)
Various
Late May to
July
1 to 3 ft.
Aug.
Many species and colors, they make good ad-
ditions to the border but should not be used in
mass planting. Manure placed over the crown
or too close to the leshy rhizomes may induce
rot. Require frequent lifting and thinning. Deer
resistant.
Blazing Star,
Gayfeathers
(
Liatris
spp.)
Purple
Aug. & Sept. 3 to 4 ft.
Fall
Readily propagated by offsets of their corm-like
base or started from fall-sown seed. The long
lower spikes bloom from the top downward and
remain in bloom for a long period. They grow fairly
well in poor soil but thrive in rich soil. Attracts but-
terlies. Deer resistant.
Regal Lily
(
Lilium regale
)
White suf-
fused with
pink, canary
yellow at
center
Aug.
3 to 5 ft.
Early fall
Grows in a wide range of soil. The soil should be
well drained and fertile. Requires full sun. Plant
bulbs 8 to 9 in. deep. Flowers purple outside.
Upright Lily
(
Lilium concolor
x L. pennsylvani-
cum luteum
)
Red & yellow July
1.5 ft.
Early fall humus. Adapted to a wide range of soils from light sandy
to heavy loam. They do best in soils rich in hu-
mus. Mix rotted manure with the soil at planting.
The manure should not come in direct contact
with the bulb. Plant each bulb about 9 in. deep
with 2 in. of sand below and about the bulb. Set
the bulb in a slightly tipped position for drainage.
L. elegans
grows best when the soil is heavily
mulched with peat moss or shaded by foliage of
other plants.
Browns Lily
(
L. brownii
)
Creamy-
white within,
purplish rose
outside
July &
Aug.
3 to 4 ft.
Early fall
Plant 8 to 10 in. deep in fertile, sandy, well-
drained soil. This is a beautiful trumpet lily, hardy
and easy to grow, but may not be adapted to
cooler areas of the state
Tiger Lily
(
L. tigrinum
)
Orange-red-
spotted with
purplish black
Aug. to
Sept.
4 to 5 ft.
Early fall
An American favorite and probably the oldest culti-
vated lily. Plant 7 to 9 in. deep. Use 2 in. of clean
sand below and above each bulb. Plant in full sun.
Speciosum Lily
(
L. speciosum
)
White to rose
pink
Sept.
3 to 4 ft. Early fall
Plant 10 in. deep in a sunny location. Prefer a
slightly acid soil that is well drained. Not as easy
to grow as the tiger lily.
Henry Lily
(
L. henryi
)
Orange
Sept.
3 to 4 ft.
Early fall
Plant 8 to 10 in. deep in well-drained sandy loam
soil that has been enriched with decayed vegeta-
ble matter. Plants need support to hold them up.
Flowers hold color best in partial shade.
Turban Lily
or European
Turk’s Cap Lily
(
L. martagon
)
Purple-
pink
July
4 ft.
Late summer Plant 8 in. deep in a soil containing enough ine
gravel to make it gritty. Flowers are small and less
showy than other species.
American Turk's
Cap Lily (
L.
superbum
)
Orange, red
Aug.
4 ft.
Early fall
This is an American lily. It requires a moist,
slightly acid soil. Plant bulbs from 6 to 9 in. deep.
5
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