„Dotyk i Komunikacja” oraz „Programy Aktywności. Świadomość Ciała, Kontakt i Komunikacja”
Autorami tej metody są Marianna i Christopher Knill. Powstała ona w wyniku trudności, jakie napotykali terapeuci komunikując się z osobami nie nawiązującymi kontaktu z otoczeniem. Autorzy wyodrębnili w niej dwie części – pierwszą stanowi „Dotyk i Komunikacja”, drugą zaś „Programy Aktywności, Świadomość Ciała, Kontakt i Komunikacja”. Zdaniem Christophera Knilla, opracowane programy „pomagają dziecku doświadczyć jego ciała jako jedności i wspomagają rozwój wyobrażenia ciała wtedy, gdy dziecko nie jest zdolne do używania swojego ciała aktywnie”. Niewątpliwym atutem tej metody jest wykorzystanie zabawy w połączeniu z muzyką i ruchem. Dziecko uczy się łączyć słyszane dźwięki z konkretnymi czynnościami, co daje nie tylko radość z prawidłowo wykonywanych ćwiczeń, ale ponadto zapewnia mu odpowiedni poziom bezpieczeństwa konieczny do nawiązania kontaktu. W efekcie uzyskujemy zwiększoną koncentrację uwagi oraz pamięć, a także usprawniamy koordynację pomiędzy układem nerwowym a mięśniowym.
„Dotyk i Komunikacja” to pierwsze z dwu opracowanych przez Knillów podejść. Polega na uświadomieniu sobie własnego ciała poprzez właściwy odbiór bodźców płynących z rąk terapeuty w trakcie masowania poszczególnych jego części. W przypadku dziecka autystycznego bardzo ważne w tej części terapii jest ustalenie jego preferencji dotykowych, czyli odpowiedniej siły nacisku podczas masażu. Sesje w tym programie powinny odbywać się systematycznie, ale nie częściej niż 2-3 razy w ciągu tygodnia. Zdaniem autorów metody najlepszą porą dnia na prowadzenie zajęć w przypadku osoby dotkniętej autyzmem jest wieczór, podczas przygotowań do snu. W związku z tym, iż zajęcia przeprowadzanie są głównie w placówkach zajęcia najczęściej odbywają się po obiedzie.
W trakcie każdego spotkania z metoda „Dotyku i Komunikacji” niezwykle ważną rolę odgrywa specjalnie skomponowana muzyka, która w zależności od czasu wystąpienia w sesji pełni zróżnicowane funkcje. Część pierwsza, trwająca 3 minuty ma na celu przygotowanie dziecka do zajęć i poprzez relaksację stworzyć przyjazną atmosferę. Muzyka w części drugiej (7 minut) jest już wyraźnie zrytmizowana – jest to moment do prowadzenia pierwszych ruchów masażu (nogi, ramiona). W części trzeciej (6 minut) muzyka jest bardzo intensywna, zarówno pod względem melodii, jak i rytmu – służy ona wsparciu większych ruchów (plecy) i nawiązaniu bardziej intensywnego kontaktu. W przed ostatniej części (4 minuty), muzyka staje się łagodniejsza i melodyjna, dając okazję do bardziej zabawowego charakteru masażu (twarz). Ostatnią część stanowi muzyka zamykająca (3 minuty) o działaniu uspokajającym i medytacyjnym (refleksja nad atmosferą w czasie trwania sesji).
Zadaniem drugiej części metody „Programy Aktywności, Świadomość Ciała, Kontakt i Komunikacja” jest rozwój w zakresie naśladownictwa, ruchu i zabawy, a także kontaktów z otoczeniem. Podstawowym założeniem opinii autora jest to, że „rozwój człowieka uzależniony jest od zdolności do nabywania, organizowania i wykorzystywania wiedzy o sobie (…), zależy również od sposobu, w jaki ludzie zaznajamiają się ze swoim ciałem i uczą się, jak go używać”. Drugie podejście wynika z „Dotyku i Komunikacji” i jest jego konsekwencją, w związku z czym, ma służyć ciągłemu rozwijaniu aktywności dziecka. W jego skład wchodzi pięć programów, które powinny być realizowane w ustalonej kolejności i przebiegać według ściśle określonego schematu. Poszczególne programy realizuje się do momentu, kiedy terapeuta uzna, że dziecko opanowało wszystkie stanowiące go ćwiczenia. Znakiem ułatwiającym przejście do kolejnego, bardziej skomplikowanego, wymagającego więcej zaangażowania ze strony dziecka programu jest moment, w którym potrafi ono samodzielnie zrealizować poszczególne ćwiczenia lub tylko rozpoznaje kolejno następujące etapy.
W opinii wielu specjalistów wykorzystywanie metody Knilla przynosi duże efekty. Jest ona szczególnie pomocna przy nauce schematu ciała, uświadamiania sobie jego odrębności poprzez tworzenie relacji ja-otoczenie. Pomoc terapeuty, a nie wyręczanie umożliwia dziecku stanie się sprawcą wykonywanych czynności, a także przyczynia się do kształtowania praksji. Omawiana metoda jest doskonałym sposobem w tworzeniu pomostu pomiędzy dzieckiem a otoczeniem, gdyż przyswajane formy aktywności sprzyjają występowaniu spontanicznych form porozumiewania się. Stanowi ponadto podstawę pozwalającą dziecku opanować coraz bardziej złożone umiejętności konieczne do codziennego funkcjonowania i dalszego rozwoju. Jak wynika z relacji Małgorzaty Świerczek, wykorzystanie metody Knillów w pracy z dzieckiem autystycznym umożliwia nie tylko poprawę jego relacji z otoczeniem, ale także zwiększa jego aktywność twórczą i motywację do nauki oraz powoduje zmniejszenie nasilenia zachowań zakłócających w postaci stereotypii.
Reasumując rozważania na temat metod wykorzystywanych w rewalidacji dzieci autystycznych warto jeszcze raz podkreślić, że nie istnieje metoda, której zastosowanie daje pełną gwarancję skuteczności prowadzonej terapii. Niezwykle istotną rolę odgrywa tu wiedza i doświadczenie specjalistów, których zadaniem jest ocena możliwości dziecka i wybór metod oraz ich umiejętne wplatanie w behawioralno-rozwojowy model rewalidacji. Przedstawione metody nie wyczerpują listy tych, które z powodzeniem stosowane są w pracy z dzieckiem autystycznym, dlatego też warto wskazać i inne, równie cenne. Do takich metod zaliczyć można: „Kształtowanie Rozumnego Działania Dłoni” Fčlicie Affolter, Metodę Opcji Berry Neila Kauffmana, muzykoterapię, Salę Doświadczania Świata, Metodę Dobrego Startu Marty Bogdanowicz, Ułatwioną Komunikację.
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