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Grammar Reference
Some of these verbs can be used in continuous
tenses, but
Present Simple and Present Continuous
with
a difference
in meaning.
We use the
present
simple
for:
Present Simple
Present Continuous
•
facts and permanent
states.
Tony works
for a construction
THINK
I think
company.
he's a very good
We are thinking
about moving
•
general truths
and laws of nature.
Heat flows
from hot to
doctor.
(= believe)
house.
(= are considering)
cold.
•
habits and routines (with always,
usually, etc).
He usually
HAVE
She has a large collection
of
cleans the car on Sundays.
I am having
the time
of
my life.
(= am experiencing)
She is havinf!
•
timetables
and
programmes
(in
the
future).
My train
plates.
(= own,
possess)
departs
at
5.32
exactly.
a shower.
(= is taking)
We are having
•
sporting
commentaries,
reviews and narrations.
Manson
passes on the far side and clips the crash barrier.
supper.
(= are eating)
•
feelings and emotions.
I love Venice; it's a beautiful
city.
SEE
I can see France from up here.
The time
expressions
we
use with
the
present
simple
I'm seeing
the doctor next week.
are:
usually, often, always, every day/weeklmonth/year
etc, in
(= it is visible
)
,
(= am meeting)
the
morning/afternoon/evening,
at
night/the
weekend,
on
I see what you mean.
(= understand)
Fridays, etc
TASTE
The ice cream tastes like
(to be
+
verb -ing):
We use the present
continuous
Jane is tasting
the milk to see if
•
for
actions
taking
place at or around
the
moment
of
heaven.
(= it is, has, the
it is hot.
(= is testing)
speaking.
They are watching
TV now.
flavour of)
•
for temporary
situations.
We are replacing
the tiles in the
SMELL
The cooking smells wonderful.
bathroom
this weekend.
She is smelling
the flowers.
•
for fixed arrangements
in the near future.
We're walking
(= has the aroma)
(= is sniffing)
over to the next village tomorrow.
APPEAR
She appears
•
for
currently
changing
and
developing
situations.
The
to be new to the
He is appearing
in the school
neighbourhood
is becoming
quieter and quieter.
play.
(= is performing)
job.
(= seems to be
)
•
with
adverbs
such
as
always
to
express
anger
or
irritation
at
a
repeated
action.
He is always
using
the
FIT
His shirt fits him perfectly.
hairdryer when I need it.
Tina is fitting
new batteries in
(= it's the right size)
her clock.
(= is attaching)
The
time
expressions
we
use
with
the
present
continuous
are:
now, at the moment,
at present, these days,
Notes:
•
nowadays, still, today, tonight,
etc
The verb
enjoy
can be used in continuous
tenses t
o
express a specific preference.
Burt
really
enjoys
going
window
shopping.
(genera
l
preference)
BUT:
He's enjoying
the concert very much.
(specific preference
)
Stative verbs are verbs which describe a state rather than an
action, and so do not usually have a continuous
•
The verbs look (when we refer
t
o somebody'
s
appearance), feel (experience a particular emotion),
tense.
T
hese
hurt
verbs are:
•
and ache can be used in simple or continuous
tenses
verbs of the senses (see, hear, smell, taste,
feel,
look,
with no difference in meaning.
My arm is aching.
sound,
seem, appear, etc)
The air smells fresh.
=
My arm aches.
•
verbs of perception (know,
believe, understand,
realise,
remember,
forget,
etc)
I understand
how she feels.
Adverbs of Frequency
•
verbs which
express feelings and emotions
(like,
love,
hate,
enjoy,
prefer,
detest,
desire,
want,
etc)
Peter
These
include
always,
frequently,
often,
once,
twice
,
hates going shopping.
sometimes,
never,
usually,
ever,
hardly
ever,
rare!
•
and some other
verbs (be, contain,
include,
belong,
occasionally,
etc.
fit,
need, matter,
cost, own,
want,
own,
weigh,
wish,
have, keep, etc)
I wish I hadn't said that.
•
Adverbs
of frequency
are normally
placed before
the
main
verb.
I often
go
to
the
cinema.
I rarely
attend
meetings.
•
H
o
w
e
v
e
r,
a
d
v
e
r
bs of fr
e
q
u
en
cy
a
r
e p
l
a
c
ed a
fte
r
t
h
e
v
e
r
b
to
•
fo
r
a
c
ti
o
n
s
th
a
t
ha
p
pened
im
m
ed
i
a
t
el
y
af
t
er
o
ne
be
a
n
d after auxiliary
v
er
b
s
.
Jam
e
s
is frequently
l
a
t
e
a
no
th
e
r
in
th
e
p
as
t
.
He opened
t
h
e w
in
do
w
and shouted
t
o
hi
s
fr
i
e
n
d
.
f
or
dinn
er
.
I've always
w
a
nt
ed t
o
go t
o P
ar
i
s
.
•
fo
r
h
ab
i
t
s
o
r s
t
a
tes w
hich
a
r
e n
o
w
f
i
n
ishe
d
.
M
y
mot
h
er
worked
o
n
a
f
a
rm
w
h
e
n
s
h
e w
a
s y
oun
g
er
.
N
ot
e
th
a
t
used to
ca
n
a
l
so b
e u
se
d i
ns
t
e
ad
of th
e
past
simple
fo
r h
ab
i
t
s
/
repe
a
ted
a
c
tions in
t
h
e
pa
st
.
(have
+
past participle)
We use the present
perfect
for:
•
an action
t
hat
h
a
ppen
e
d
at an unstat
e
d
t
ime
i
n
the
The time
expressions
we
use with
the
past simple
are
:
p
as
t
.
T
he
em
p
ha
sis is on t
he
act
i
on.
T
he
t
im
e
whe
n
it
...
?,
last
y
e
s
t
erda
y
,
the
n
,
w
h
e
n
,
Ho
w
l
o
ng
ag
o
ni
g
h
t
/
w
ee
k
i
oc
c
u
r
r
ed i
s
unimport
ant
o
r u
nk
n
ow
n
.
I have cleaned
t
h
e
m
o
n
th
/
y
ear
/
F
ri
da
y
/
O
c
t
ober
etc
,
th
ree days
/
w
e
e
k
s
e
t
c ago
,
in
c
ar
. We
nd
y
has been t
o
S
pai
n t
w
i
ce
.
1999
,
e
t
c
•
a
n
act
i
on
w
hi
ch
s
t
a
rt
e
d i
n
t
he
pa
st
and c
o
n
tinue
s
up
t
o
th
e
p
r
e
s
e
nt,
e
s
p
ec
i
a
ll
y w
ith
stat
i
ve
v
e
rb
s
(
s
ee ab
o
v
e
)
s
u
c
h
a
s
be, have
,
like
,
know
,
et
c
.
I
have known
Ja
c
k
for
t
w
ent
y y
ears
.
+
verb -ing):
We use the
past continuous
(was/were
•
a
r
ece
ntly completed
ac
ti
o
n
.
I have completed
my Histor
y
•
f
o
r
an
action
w
hi
ch
wa
s
in
progress
when
anoth
e
r
p
roj
e
ct.
ac
tion
interrupted
it. We u
s
e
th
e
past continuou
s
f
o
r
•
p
e
r
s
onal
e
x
perience
s
o
r
c
h
a
n
g
es
.
He has shaved
hi
s
the
a
ction
in
pro
g
re
ss
(
l
o
nger
act
ion
)
and
the
p
as
t
m
o
u
s
t
a
che
off.
s
im
p
le
f
o
r
th
e
act
i
on
w
h
i
c
h
int
e
r
ru
pted
i
t
(
s
h
or
ter
a
c
ti
o
n
)
.
We were
playing
c
r
ic
k
e
t
i
n t
he g
a
r
d
en
w
h
e
n
it
The time expressions we use with the present perfect
are
:
fo
r
,
s
inc
e
,
alread
y
,
al
w
a
ys
,
ju
s
t, e
v
er
;
n
eve
r
, s
o far
,
toda
y
,
thi
s
w
ee
k
l
m
o
nth
s
t
a
rted t
o
rain
.
•
f
o
r
t
wo
o
r
mor
e
s
i
m
u
lt
a
ne
o
u
s
ac
ti
o
n
s
in th
e past
.
I was
e
t
c
,
h
ow
lon
g
,
l
a
t
e
l
y
,
r
e
c
e
ntl
y,
s
till
(
in n
e
g
a
tion
s
),
e
t
c
preparing
dinn
e
r
w
hil
e
Jo
hn was doing
hi
s
h
o
m
e
w
o
r
k
.
•
f
o
r
a
n
action
w
h
i
c
h
wa
s in progr
ess
at a s
tat
e
d t
ime in
the past
. W
e don
'
t
m
e
ntion
w
hen the act
i
on
s
t
a
r
t
ed o
r
f
in
i
s
hed
.
A
t
7
o
'
c
l
o
c
k
l
as
t n
i
ght
,
I
was walking
home f
r
om the
g
ym
.
We use the
present
perfect
continuous
(have been + verb
•
t
o
desc
ribe t
h
e
a
t
mos
p
he
re
,
s
e
t
ting
,
etc and
to
giv
e
-ing)
:
•
b
ack
grou
nd
i
n
f
orm
a
t
i
o
n
to
a
s
tor
y
.
Th
e cicada
s
were
to
p
u
t
e
mph
a
si
s
on th
e
durati
o
n
of
an ac
t
ion
w
h
i
ch
singing
and th
e s
un was shining.
I was sitting
o
u
t
s
i
de
o
n
s
t
ar
t
e
d in th
e
pa
st a
nd
c
o
n
t
i
nu
e
s
up
to
th
e p
re
s
en
t
.
We
th
e
v
er
anda
w
h
e
n
s
udd
e
nl
y
it
w
ent qui
e
t
.
have been cutting
t
h
e
l
a
w
n
a
ll aft
er
n
oo
n.
•
f
o
r
a
n
ac
tion
w
hi
c
h
sta
rted
in th
e
p
as
t a
nd
la
s
t
e
d f
or
Note
:
W
hen ther
e
ar
e t
w
o p
a
st
c
o
ntinu
o
u
s fo
rm
s
i
n a
s
en
t
ence w
ith th
e s
ame
s
u
bjec
t
, w
e ca
n
a
v
oid rep
etit
i
o
n b
y
j
u
s
t
u
s
in
g
the p
r
esen
t
parti
c
i
p
l
e (
-i
ng fo
rm
) a
nd lea
ve
ou
t
t
he
ve
rb to be.
They were walking al
o
n
g
,
th
ey
were whistling a tun
e
.
=
Th
e
y
w
ere walking along
,
whi
s
tling
a
tune.
so
m
e
t
im
e.
It ma
y
s
till
be
c
o
ntinuin
g
o
r
ha
s
f
i
ni
s
h
e
d
a
lre
a
d
y
,
w
ith
th
e
r
es
ul
t
v
i
s
ible
in
t
he
p
r
e
se
nt.
He
's
b
ad
-
tempered because he has been overdoing
things
recently.
•
to
expre
s
s anger, irrita
t
i
o
n
or
a
nnoy
a
nce.
He has been
taking
my coffee without
a
sk
ing m
e
.
o
t
•
f
or
r
e
peated
action
s
in
th
e
p
a
s
t
c
ontinuing
to
the
The time expressions we use with the past continuous
are
:
w
hile
,
w
hen
,
as
,
all mo
r
ning
/
evenin
g
/
da
y
/
w
ee
k,
p
rese
nt
.
He has got
s
unt
a
nne
d
be
c
ause
he has been going
etc
t
o
th
e beac
h e
ve
r
y w
ee
k
e
n
d
.
The time
expressions
we
use with
the
present
perfect
continuous
are
:
f
or
,
s
in
ce
,
h
o
w
l
o
n
g
.
.
.
1,
all da
y
/
m
o
rnin
g
/
(had
+
past participle):
We use the
past perfect
mo
nth
e
tc
,
la
te
l
y,
re
centl
y
•
f
or
an
a
c
tio
n
w
h
ich
h
ap
p
ened
befo
r
e
an
o
the
r
p
as
t
ac
ti
on
or
bef
or
e
a s
t
at
e
d
time
in
t
h
e
pas
t
.
P
ete
r
had
finished
h
i
s meal b
y si
x
o
'
c
loc
k.
Note
:
wi
t
h
t
he ve
r
bs
live
,
work
,
teach
and
feel
we c
an
use
•
for
an a
c
t
io
n
w
hi
c
h
f
i
ni
s
hed
i
n t
h
e
pa
s
t
an
d
w
h
os
e
t
he
present
p
er
fe
c
t
or
t
h
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
pe
r
f
ec
t
co
nt
inu
ous
wi
th
re
s
u
l
t
w
as
v
i
si
ble
a
t a l
a
t
er
p
oi
n
t
i
n t
h
e
p
ast
.
H
e
had
no
di
ff
e
r
e
n
c
e
in
me
a
n
ing
.
H
e
has lived/has
been
living
in
twisted
hi
s
k
n
e
e
a
f
e
w
d
a
ys e
a
r
l
i
e
r a
n
d
h
e
w
as s
till lim
pi
n
g
Lon
do
n
fo
r th
e
l
a
s
t t
e
n
y
e
a
r
s
.
h
eav
il
y.
•
f
o
r
a
g
ene
ral
s
itu
a
ti
o
n
in
t
he
p
a
s
t.
E
v
er
y
thin
g
had
Past Simple
appeared
n
o
rmal
a
t f
irs
t
.
We use the past simple:
•
The time
expressions
we
use with
the
past perfect
are
:
f
o
r an ac
t
ion that
occurred
a
t
a
d
e
finit
e
time
(
stated or
bef
o
re
,
after, already, just
,
for
, s
ince
,
till
/
until
,
when, by the time,
impli
e
d)
in the past.
Th
e
mil
k
man
left the milk at
7
o'clock
never, etc
th
is
morning.
(had been
+
verb -in g):
We use the past perfect
continuous
We use
be going
to:
•
•
to put emphasis on the duration of an action which
started and finished in the past, before another action
or stated time in the past, usually with for or since
I
h
ad
been
s
wimming
for about an hour when I realised that I
had been swept out to sea.
future.
She's
fo
r
p
l
ans, intentions
or ambitions
fo
r
the
going
to
be
a pilot when she graduates.
•
actions we have already decided to do in the near
future.
Guy
is going
to
work
on a summer camp during the
holidays
.
•
for an action which
lasted for some time in the past and
•
predictions based on what we can see or what we
kno
w
, especially when t
h
ere is ev
i
dence that something
will happen.
Those clouds look very dark
,
it's
going
to
rain
tonight.
whose
result
was
visible
in
the
past.
He
had
been
running
and he was breathing heavily.
The
time
expressions
we
use
with
the
past
perfect
The time
expressions we use with
the future
simple and
are:
for
,
since, how long, before, until, etc
continuous
be going
to
are:
tomorrow,
the day after tomorrow,
tonight,
soon, next week/month/year/summer
etc, in a week/month,
etc
We use
used
to
+ infinitive to refer to past habits or states.
In such cases, used to can be replaced by the past simple
wi
t
h no change in meaning.
When the children were younger,
they
walked/used
to
walk
to school every day.
However, for an action
be
+
verb -ing)
:
We use the fu
t
ure
continuous
(will
•
for actions which will be in progress at a stated future
time. I'm
going on holiday. This time next week
/'II
be lying
in
the sun
.
that
happened
at a definite
time
in
the
past we
use the
past simple,
not
used to.
He
drove
to
•
for actions which will definitely
happen in the future
as
work yesterday.
(NOT:
Ff.e
tlsed fa
eri'o'e te 'o'/eFkyesteree;')
the result of a routine or arrangement.
I
will be going
up
to London at the weekend.
•
when we ask politely about someone's plans for the
near future.
Will
you
be needing
that needle for much longer?
Time expressions to talk about
the past:
ago
(= back in time
from
now)
is used with
the
past
simple
.
I finished lunch about an hour ago.
Time clauses with future reference
We use the present simple or present perfect, but NOT
future forms, with words and expressions such as while,
before, after, until/till, as, when, whenever, once, as
soon as, as long as, by the time, etc to introduce time
clauses.
By the time
we get there, the train will have left
.
(NOT:
By #Ie
f!1ffe
we
I'I#! §ef
#:Ie;"e .
.
.)
since
(= from a starting point in the past) is used with
the present perfect (simple and continuous).
I haven't been home since my sister got engaged.
for
(=over a period of time)
is used with
the present
per
f
ect
(simple
and
continuous).
They've been
playing chess for hours.
already
is used in statements and questions (to show
surprise).
I have already spoken to the doctor. Have
you eaten that ice cream already?
We also use the present s
i
mple and present perfect, but
NOT future forms, after words and expressions such as
unless, if, suppose/supposing, in case, etc.
Take some
money
in case
you
need
it. (NOT:
.
.
.
iR
€6se
yeti ••••
yet
is used with the present perfect in questions and
negations.
Have you fed the cat yet? I haven
'
t started
cooking yet.
il/ Reed
it
.
)
We use future
forms with:
when
w
hen it is used as a question word.
When will you
be seeing
David next?
•
Future Simple
•
if/whether
after
expressions which
show
uncertainty/
We use the future
simple
(will
+ bare infinitive)
for
:
ignorance
etc,
such
as
I
don't
know,
I
doubt,
I
sure, e
t
c.
I wonder
whether
wonder,
I'm
not
he will get
of speaking.
It's cold in
•
decisions made at the
moment
thejob.
here,
/'II
close
the window.
•
predictions
about
the future,
based on what
we think,
believe
or
imagine,
using
the
verbs
think,
believe,
expect
etc, the expressions be sure, be afraid
etc, and
etc.
She
will
the
adverbs probably,
certainly,
perhaps
probably
call him later.
•
promises, threats, warnings, requests, hopes and offers.
Will
you
help
me
with the washing up?
•
actions, events, situations
which
will
definitely
happen
control.
Our youngest
in the future
and which
we can't
child
will be
two months old in May.
T
ype
0 conditionals
are u
s
ed to
e
x
press
a gene
r
al
truth
or a
W
e
can fo
rm
mj
x
ed condj
t
iona)
s,
i
f
t
he cont
e
x
t
p
erm
i
t
s
i
t
b
y
co
mb
i
n
j
n
g
an
i
f -
c
l
a
u
s
e
from
o
n
e t
ype
w
jt
h a
ma
i
n
cl
a
u
s
e
from
a
nothe
r
.
scien
t
j
fic
fac
t.
I
n
th
i
s type
of
con
d
i
t
ional
,
w
e
c
an use
when
ins
te
ad
of
if
Type 2
Type 1
If she
came
home late last night
,
s
h
e
won't
be
on time for
w
or
k
t
o
d
ay
.
Type 3
you wouldn't have answered
yo
ur
bos
s li
k
e th
a
t
.
Type 2
he
would
Type 2
If
you
were mo
re d
iploma
t
ic
,
__
•
c
o
ndition
a
l
s
a
re
u
se
d
to
e
x
p
ress
a
r
e
al
o
r
v
er
y
-
--
I
e
si
t
ua
tion
in th
e
pr
esen
t
or f
u
tur
e
.
If-clause
o.
Main Clause
Type 3
If he
hadn't
=
-
pr
esent
p
i
e
future
simple,
imperative
,
can/
missed
the plane
,
be
here no
w
.
--
>
etc
+
bare infinitive
must/may
t
h
e
hypothesis
comes
before
the
ma
i
n
clause,
w
e
-
3
"'..
-
'(
3
e
them
w
ith
a c
omm
a
.
W
hen the
m
ain clau
s
e come
s
-
U
se
~
-
=:
:e
the
if
-
c
l
aus
e
,
then
w
e
do
not
u
s
e
a
co
mma
to
+
past simple/
I
w
i
s
h I was/were
in
t
o s
a
y
that
we
wo
uld
-
"'
"
"
..c
r
a
t
t
he
m.
-
"e
:
w
ith Type 1 condi
t
ion
a
l
s
we c
a
n use unless
+
~
-
r
m
ative verb
(
= if
+
n
e
g
at
i
ve ve
rb
).
I
w
ill
no
t b
e
in
a
p
os
ition
_ :
:
.
o
m
e
unless
s
om
eone
gives
me
a
lift
.
(
= if
som
e
o
n
e
does not
=
.
e
m
e
a l
i
ft
)
past continuous
Spain
. (
but I
'
m not
)
li
k
e
so
m
e
thing to b
e
If only I were
different about a
travelling
b
y
plane
pre
se
nt situ
a
t
i
on
and n
o
t b
y
b
o
at
!
It
would
b
e much
m
ore co
n
ven
ien
t.
(
but I
'
m n
o
t
)
•
Conditionals
Type
2
(unreal
present)
a
r
e
use
d
to
e
x
press
imagin
ary s
ituati
ons
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
c
ont
rary
to
fa
c
t
s
to e
x
pr
ess
regret
+
past perfect
I wish I had kept a
i
n t
h
e
presen
t
and, ther
e
f
o
re,
are unli
k
ely to happen in
about
so
mething
copy
o
f m
y
t
he p
re
se
n
t o
r f
u
tu
re.
W
e
ca
n u
se
e
i
th
er
were
or
was
w
hich happen
e
d
or
di
sse
rt
a
ti
o
n.
(
but I
f
o
r
a
ll
pe
r
sons
i
n
t
he
i
f
-
c
l
aus
e
.
W
e
ca
n
a
l
so
u
se
th
e
d
i
d
n
'
t h
a
p
pe
n in t
he
di
dn
'
t
)
stru
cture
If I were you
..
.
to gi
v
e ad
vi
ce
past
If
onl
y
I
hadn't
spoken
s
o b
luntl
y
t
o
h
im
!
We
coul
d
still be friends. (but I
did
)
If-clause
Main Clause
.
0
I
f
+
past simple/past
would/could/might
+
present
-+
c
o
ntinuous
bare infinitive
I
f
he knew th
e
truth
,
he would
tell
yo
u
.
to
e
x
pr
ess
:
+
s
ub
ject
+
I
w
i
sh yo
u would
I
f
M
rs Carson
was teaching
us Maths
t
his
ye
ar,
we would
have
a
•
apo
l
ite
+
bare info
would
stop
tal
k
ing beh
i
nd
m
u
ch better chan
c
e
of
passing our
ex
am
.
I
f I were
yo
u
,
I would
imperati
v
e
people
'
s bac
k
s.
prepare
the projec
t
w
e
ll
i
n
advance
.
•
a d
esire
f
or
a
situat
io
n
I
f o
nl
y
it would
or
snow at Christmas!
per
s
on
'
s
beh
av
i
o
ur
•
Conditionals Type 3 (unreal past)
a
r
e
used t
o ex
pres
s
imagin
a
r
y
s
i
tua
ti
o
n
s
w
hi
c
h
a
re
co
ntr
ary
t
o
f
ac
t
s in the
p
as
t
.
T
hey are a
l
so used to e
x
p
r
ess regre
t
s o
r
criticism
.
to
chan
g
e
I
f
-
c
lause
Main Clause
Note
s
:
•
If only
is
u
sed in e
x
actl
y t
he same
w
a
y
as
wish
bu
t
i
t i
s
mo
re e
mph
a
tic
o
r m
o
r
e
dr
a
m
a
ti
c
.
If
+
past perfect/past
+
perfect
would/could/might
-
+
•
We
c
an
use were
inste
ad
of was
af
ter wish
a
nd
perfect cont
i
nuous bare infinitive
If she had told
m
e
abo
ut her
p
l
a
n
s
,
I would
if only.
I wish I were/was
a
famous e
x
pl
o
rer!
have helped
h
e
r.
•
Af
te
r
th
e s
ubje
c
t pron
o
un
s
I
a
nd we,
we
can u
se
could
o
n
the
d
ay
o
f
t
he pa
rt
y.
I would
If I hadn
'
t
been working
have
i
nstead
of
would
.
I
w
i
s
h
I could
tr
ave
l
cooked
ev
ery
t
hing
m
y
self
.
abroad
.
Clauses of Purpose
Had better
(= it would
be good to) is used to give strong
or
Clauses of purpose are used to explain why somebody
does
urgent
advice.
Had
better
refers
only
to
the
present
or
something.
They are introduced
with
the
following
words/
future.
•
expressions.
•
had better
+ bare infinitive
-
,
immediate
future
to - infinitive
-
Peter went to the library
to
borrow
a book.
You had
better
write
her a letter to explain.
•
in
order
to/so
as to
+ infinitive
(formal)
-
The staff
order
to
finish
Would
rather
(=
would
prefer
to)
expresses preference.
voluntarily
offered
to work
overtime
in
the
When the subject of would
rather
is also the subject of the
project
on time.
following
verb, we use the following
constructions:
•
so that
+ can/will
(presen
t
/future
reference)
-
I will give
+
present bare infinitive
number
so
that
you can contact
me
if
•
would
rather
-
, present/future.
you my mobile
phone
I would
rather
sit the exam in June.
there are any queries.
•
would
rather
+ perfect
bare infinitive
-+
past
•
so that
+ could/would
(past reference)
.
-
He set
off
at 8
o
'
clock
so
that
in plenty
of
time.
I bought
a printer
yesterday,
but I'd rather
have
waited
for
he would
be at the interview
in case
+
present
the sales.
•
tense
(present or future
reference) -
•
would rather
+
bare infinitive
+
than
(+
bare infinitive)
I'd rather
Leave the light
on in the hall in case anyone
tries
to break in.
TV.
surf
the net than
watch
•
in case + past tense (past reference) -
She had sent out
for a pizza in case
we
got
hungry
When
the
subject
of
would
rather
is different
from
the
Note:
in case is never used with
will
or would.
subject
of
the
following
verb,
we
use
the
following
for
+
noun
•
t
e
xpresses the
purpose of an action)
-
We
constructions:
•
went to Mario's for a pizza.
would rather
+
past tense
-+
present/future
I'd rather
for
+
-ing form
•
(expresses the purpose of something
or
its function)
-
Freezers are used for storing
Patrick gave
up basketball
because it is taking
up
frozen food.
too much
of
his time.
to
+
-ing form
•
with
a view
-
Graham's
family
bought
the
rather
+
past perfect
•
would
-+
past
a view
to
redeveloping
old house with
the site
.
I'd rather
you had
told
us the truth,
then
we
wouldn't
have
We can express negative
purpose
by:
got into such a row.
to
+
infinitive
•
in order
not
to/so
as not
-
I made
an
inventory
of
the things
that had to be taken
so
as not
to
omit
anything.
•
prevent
+
noun/pronoun
(+
from)
+
-ing
form
-
The
The past simple
can be used to refer to the
present
when
food
to
prevent
old lady covered up the leftover
the flies from
we
talk
about
imaginary,
unreal
or
impossible
situations
getting
at it.
which are contrary to facts in the present.
The past perfect can be used to refer to imaginary, unreal or
impossible situations
which
are contrary
to facts in the past.
The past simple is used with:
•
We use the:
•
type
2 Conditionals
-
If he had
the funds, he would
set up
with
nouns when
talking
about
something
specific.
Jo
in business.
owns a car and a motorbike.
The car is red and the motorbike
•
suppose/supposing
-
Suppose/Supposing
he
double-
is blue.
crossed
you, what
would you do?
•
with
nouns that are unique
(the solar system, the universe,
•
wish/if
only -
I wish/If
only
I had
more free time.
etc).
•
would
rather
(present)
-
I'd rather
you called
him now.
•
with
names of newspapers
(the Guardian),
cinemas
(the
•
as if/as
though
-
Ronald
acts as iflas
though
he knew
Rex),
theatres
Vie),
museums/ar
t
galleries
(the
Old
(the
everybody
Tate),
ships
(the Titanic),
organisations
(the EU).
•
it's (about/high)
time
-
It's (about/high)
time
you got
a
•
with
the names of rivers
(the Ganges),
groups of islands
job.
The past perfect is used with:
•
mountain
ranges
(the
Urals),
deserts
(the
(the
Canaries),
oceans
(the
canals
(the
Suez),
countries
Sinai),
Atlantic),
type
3 Conditionals
-
If he hadn't
been
so clumsy,
he
when
they
include
words
such
as States,
Kingdom,
have fallen
off
the ladder.
wouldn't
Republic
names or nouns with
of
(the
Czech Republic),
•
suppose/supposing
-
Suppose/Supposing
you had
been
House
of
Parliament),
in geographical
terms such as
(the
in a position
to help, would you have done so?
North
of
Italy,
the
Antarctic/Arctic/equator,
the
the
North/
•
wish/if
only
-I
wish/If
only
I hadn't
caused
such a fuss.
South/EastlWest.
•
Would
rather
(past)
-
I'd
rather
you
had
not
said
•
with
the names of musical instruments
and dances
(the
anything.
violin, the waltz).
•
as
if/as
though
-
He
didn't
know
anything
about
•
with the names of families
(the Smiths)
and nationa
l
ities
ending in -sh, -ch or -ese
(the Chinese).
Other nationalities
can be used with or without
philosophy,
but he spoke about
Plato as though/as
if he had
been a personal
friend.
the.
•
with
titles
but
not
with
(the
Ambassador,
the
President)
titles including
a proper name
(Prince Charles).
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