AppleScript Language Guide.pdf

AppleScript Language Guide

Scripting & Automation > AppleScript

2008-03-11

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Contents

Introduction Introduction to AppleScript Language Guide 13

Who Should Read This Document? 14

Organization of This Document 14

Conventions Used in This Guide 15

See Also 16

Chapter 1

AppleScript Lexical Conventions 17

Character Set 17

Identifiers 18

Keywords 18

Comments 19

The Continuation Character 20

Literals and Constants 20

Boolean 20

Constant 20

List 21

Number 21

Record 21

Text 21

Operators 22

Variables 22

Expressions 22

Statements 23

Commands 23

Results 24

Raw Codes 24

Chapter 2

AppleScript Fundamentals 25

Script Editor Application 25

AppleScript and Objects 26

What Is in a Script Object 27

Properties 28

Elements 28

Object Specifiers 29

What Is in an Object Specifier 29

Containers 30

Absolute and Relative Object Specifiers 30

Object Specifiers in Reference Objects 31

Coercion (Object Conversion) 32

CONTENTS

Scripting Additions 34

Commands Overview 34

Types of Commands 35

Target 35

Direct Parameter 36

Parameters That Specify Locations 36

AppleScript Error Handling 36

Global Constants in AppleScript 37

AppleScript Constant 37

current application Constant 39

missing value Constant 40

true, false Constants 40

The it and me Keywords 40

Aliases and Files 41

Specifying Paths 42

Working With Aliases 42

Working With Files 43

Remote Applications 44

Enabling Remote Applications 44

eppc-Style Specifiers 44

Targeting Remote Applications 44

Debugging AppleScript Scripts 45

Feedback From Your Script 45

Logging 46

Third Party Debuggers 46

Chapter 3

Variables and Properties 47

Defining Properties 47

Declaring Variables 48

Local Variables 48

Global Variables 49

Using the copy and set Commands 49

Scope of Variables and Properties 51

Scope of Properties and Variables Declared in a Script Object 52

Scope of Variables Declared in a Handler 55

Chapter 4

Script Objects 57

Defining Script Objects 57

Initializing Script Objects 59

Sending Commands to Script Objects 59

Inheritance in Script Objects 60

The AppleScript Inheritance Chain 60

Defining Inheritance Through the parent Property 61

Some Examples of Inheritance 61

CONTENTS

Using the continue Statement in Script Objects 63

Chapter 5

About Handlers 67

Handler Basics 67

Defining a Simple Handler 68

Handlers with Labeled Parameters 68

Handlers with Positional Parameters 69

Handlers with Patterned Positional Parameters 70

Recursive Handlers 71

Errors in Handlers 71

Passing by Reference Versus Passing by Value 71

Calling Handlers in a tell Statement 72

Saving and Loading Libraries of Handlers 72

Handlers in Script Applications 73

run Handlers 74

open Handlers 75

idle and quit Handlers for Stay-Open Applications 76

Calling a Script Application From a Script 77

Chapter 6

Class Reference 79

alias 79

application 80

boolean 82

class 83

constant 84

date 85

file 88

integer 89

list 89

number 92

POSIX file 93

real 93

record 94

reference 95

RGB color 96

script 97

text 97

unit types 103

Chapter 7

Commands Reference 105

activate 108

ASCII character 108

ASCII number 109

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