Football violence in Europe.pdf

S R C

SOCIAL ISSUES RESEARCH CENTRE

Football violence in Europe

A report to the Amsterdam Group

prepared by

Giovanni Carnibella, Anne Fox, Kate Fox

Joe McCann, James Marsh, Peter Marsh

July 1996

The Social Issues Research Centre

28 St. Clements

Oxford UK OX4 1AB

Tel: +44 1865 204211

Fax: +44 1865 793137

Email: group@sirc.org

❐ Football violence

in Europe

Contents

CONTENTS

Executive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

ES.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

ES.2 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

ES.3 Theory and research perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

ES.4 Cross-national variations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

ES.5 Media coverage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

ES.6 Racism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

ES.7 Alcohol and football violence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

ES.8 Tackling football violence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

ES.9 Future directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

1.1 Aims of the report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

1.2 Acknowledgements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

2 Football violence in history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

2.1 Medieval origins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

2.2 Taming the game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

2.3 Export of the new game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

2.4 Return to the working class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

2.5 A new disorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

2.5 A new disorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

2.6 Calm between the wars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

2.7 The new hooligans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

2.8 Hooliganism in Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

2.9 Historical examples of violent incidents in Britain to 1960 . . . . . . . . 29

2.10 Historical examples of violent incidents in Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

3 Theoretical and research perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

3.1 Harrington report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

3.2 Lang report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

3.3 Ian Taylor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

3.4 Sub-culture theories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

3.5 Media Amplification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

3.6 Ethogenic approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

3.7 The Leicester School. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

3.8 Ethnographic approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

3.9 Empirical approaches? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

3.10 European approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

3.10.1 Italy ..............................................51

3.10.2 Germany ..........................................55

3.10.3 Netherlands ........................................57

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❐ Football violence

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Contents

3.11 Other European research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

3.12 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

4 Cross-national variations in football violence in Europe . . . . . . . . . 61

4.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

4.2 Levels of violence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

4.2.1 Italy ..............................................62

4.2.2 Belgium ...........................................63

4.2.3 The Netherlands ....................................65

4.2.4 Germany ..........................................66

4.2.5 France ............................................66

4.2.6 Scandinavia ........................................67

4.2.7 Austria ............................................67

4.2.8 Spain .............................................68

4.2.9 Switzerland ........................................68

4.2.10 Portugal ...........................................68

4.2.11 Czech Republic .....................................69

4.2.12 Greece ............................................69

4.2.13 Albania ...........................................69

4.2.11 Czech Republic .....................................70

4.2.12 Greece ............................................70

4.2.13 Albania ...........................................70

4.3 Fan profiles and behaviour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

4.3.1 Germany ..........................................71

4.3.2 Italy ..............................................72

4.3.3 France ............................................75

4.3.4 The Netherlands ....................................78

4.3.5 Austria ............................................79

4.3.6 Scandinavia ........................................80

4.3.7 Sweden ...........................................80

4.3.8 Denmark ..........................................82

4.3.9 Norway ...........................................83

4.4 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

5 Media coverage of football hooliganism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

5.1 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

5.2 Theory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

5.3 The role of the media in other European countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

5.3.1 Italy ..............................................96

5.3.2 The Netherlands ....................................97

5.3.3 Scotland...........................................97

5.3.4 Denmark ..........................................97

5.3.5 Austria ............................................98

5.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

6 Racism and football fans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

6.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

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❐ Football violence

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Contents

6.2 Forms of Racism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

6.3 Anti-racism initiatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

6.4 The European dimension. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

6.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

7 Football violence and alcohol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

7.1 The ‘alcohol- violence connection’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

7.2 Culture and alcohol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

7.3 Ambivalence about alcohol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

7.4 The roligans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

7.5 The police view. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

7.6 Unexpected consequences of alcohol bans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

7.7 The case of the Scots. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

7.8 The new research direction? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

8 Tackling football violence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

8.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

8.2 Policing football hooliganism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

8.2.1 The undercover operation ............................118

8.2.2 Hooligan gangs ....................................118

8.2.3 Charges and convictions .............................118

8.2.4 Containment and escort ..............................119

8.2.5 Police criticism ....................................119

8.2.6 Inside the ground ...................................119

8.2.7 Police tactics at grounds .............................120

8.2.8 The decline of the ‘away’ fan .........................120

8.2.9 The Steward ......................................121

8.2.10 Training of Stewards ................................121

8.2.11 Closed-circuit Television (CCTV) and hand-held cameras . . 121

8.2.12 The Photophone ...................................122

8.2.13 The Hoolivan......................................122

8.2.14 1985: Bradford & Heysel ............................122

8.2.15 The Football Spectators Act (1989) ....................122

8.2.16 The Football Licensing Authority ......................123

8.2.17 Identity card and membership schemes .................123

8.2.18 The Taylor report...................................123

8.2.19 The interim report ..................................123

8.2.20 The final report ....................................124

8.2.21 All-seater stadia....................................124

8.2.22 European cooperation ...............................125

8.2.23 The Claudia Roth report and The European Parliament .....126

8.2.24 Police and technology: Euro ‘96 .......................126

8.2.25 National Crime Intelligence Service Football Unit.........126

8.2.26 Police National Coordinating Centre ...................127

8.2.27 Match Commander Group............................127

8.2.28 Senior Investigating Officers Group ....................127

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July 1996

❐ Football violence

in Europe

Contents

8.2.29 IT Group .........................................127

8.2.30 Press and Media Group ..............................127

8.2.31 EPI-Centre system and Photophone ....................127

8.2.32 Hooligan Hotline ...................................128

8.2.33 Spotters ..........................................128

8.3 The European Fan projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

8.3.1 Germany .........................................128

8.3.2 Bundesarbeitsgemeinschaft der Fan-Projekte and

Koodinationstelle Fanprojekte ........................129

8.3.3 Euro ‘96..........................................129

8.3.4 The Netherlands ...................................130

8.3.5 Belgium ..........................................130

8.3.6 Sweden ..........................................131

8.4 New directions in tackling football hooliganism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

9 Selected Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

SIRC

July 1996

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