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Hussey_OrthChurchByzEmpire
The Orthodox Church
in the Byzantine Empire
The Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire . J. M. Hussey. Oxford University Press.
Oxford Scholarship Online. Oxford University Press. 1990
http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/oso/public/content/religion/0198264569/toc.html
ISBN 0199582769
Preface
I SHOULD like to express my grateful thanks to the Trustees of the Leverhulme
Foundation for the award of an Emeritus Research Fellowship and to the
Trustees of the Bethune-Baker Fund for a grant towards the cost of typing. A
good deal of the work for this book was done in the Gennadius Library and in the
British School at Athens and more especially in the University of Cambridge
Library where I have to thank hard-pressed assistants for their generous help.
This book is built on the work of past and present scholars too numerous to thank
individually. But I should like to say in gratitude how much I owe to the late
Norman Baynes who introduced me to the thought-world of East Rome. And it is
a pleasure to acknowledge my special indebtedness over the years to three living
scholars—Jean Darrouzès, Herbert Hunger, and Paul Lemerle—whose
distinguished work has opened avenues leading to a more constructive view of
an often changing Byzantine society. I am also most grateful to Julian
Chrysostomides and Henry Chadwick both of whom read the typescript and
made valuable suggestions.
J.M.H.
5 June 1984
Note to Paperback Edition 1990
I am grateful to reviewers for pointing out misprints and errors which I have tried
to put right. It has not been possible to cover bibliography for the years 1984-9
though one or two items have been inserted, but I have added lists of Byzantine
Emperors, Popes and Patriarchs of Constantinople, and maps.
J. M. H.
Contents
Abbreviations xi
List of Rulers, Popes, and Patriarchs xxi
List of Maps xxviii
Introduction 1
PART I
CHALLENGE AND RESPONSE WITHIN THE HISTORICAL
FRAMEWORK
I. The Christological Problem in the Early Middle Ages 9
1. The seventh-century watershed in the Byzantine Empire 9
442147758.001.png
Abbreviations xi
List of Rulers, Popes, and Patriarchs xxi
List of Maps xxviii
Introduction 1
2. The theological background to seventh-century
monotheletism 10
3. Monenergism and monotheletism against a background of
imperial crisis 13
4. The Quinisext council (691-692) 24
II.
1. The North Syrian rulers: the first phase 726-787 30
The background to the eighth-century crisis
The opening conflict under Leo III
Constantine V and the council of 754
2. The first restoration of the icons 44
The Empress Irene and the council of Nicaea (787)
Conflicting currents 787-843
Irene and Constantine VI
Nicephorus I, Michael I, and the Patriarch Nicephorus (802-
813)
3. The second phase of iconoclasm 55
4. The restoration of orthodoxy in 843: the Synodicon 62
5. The significance of the controversy over icons 65
end p.vii
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The Iconoclast Controversy 726-843 30
442147758.002.png
III.
The Age of Photius 843-886 69
1. Patriarch Methodius (843-847): the first patriarchate of Ignatius
(847-858) 69
2. Photius's first patriarchate (858-867) 72
3. Ignatius's second patriarchate (867-877); the council of
Constantinople (869-870) 79
4. Photius's second patriarchate (877-886): the council of 879-880:
the alleged second Photian schism 83
5. Photius—churchman and humanist 86
6. Byzantine missionary activities in the early middle ages 90
IV.
Leo VI's Dilemma: Nicholas Mysticus and Euthymius 886-925 102
1. Leo VI: the Emperor's fourth marriage 102
2. Nicholas I's second patriarchate (912-925): the interdependence
of church and state 108
V. The Patriarchate (925-1025): The Predominance of Constantinople
111
1. Co-operation and criticism 925-970 111
2. The imperial advance in the East: the Muslims and the non-
Chalcedonian Churches 114
3. Caucasian and North Pontic regions: Russia 116
4. Byzantium and South Italy 119
VI.
Increasing Pressures on Constantinople and the Widening Gap
1025-1204 124
1. Impending threats 124
2. Patriarchs (1025-1081) 127
3. 1081: a new era or continuity? 141
4. Philosophers and theologians: individual heretics: ecclesiastical
currents 142
5. The dualist heresies 156
6. Relations with the West 167
end p.viii
VII.
The Effects of the Fourth Crusade 1204-1261 184
1. The patriarchate of Constantinople 1204-1261: the Latins
in occupation 184
2. Ecclesiastical organization within the various Latin
conquests 192
(i) Greece and the Cyclades
(ii) Venetian conquests: Crete
(iii) Cyprus
3. Thirteenth-century rival Byzantine churches: Nicaea and
Epirus 206
4. The Nicaean Empire and Rome 211
VIII.
Contacts: Failure and Achievement 1258-1453 220
1. Michael VIII Palaeologus and the papacy: Byzantine
doubts concerning union 1258-1274 221
2. Michael VIII and the council of Lyons (1274) 229
3. Byzantine reaction to the union 1274-1282 235
4. Andronicus II and Andronicus III: internal problems:
Josephites and Arsenites: repudiation of the union 243
5. Patriarch Athanasius I and his immediate successors 249
6. Renewed contacts with the West under Andronicus II and
Andronicus III 255
7. Palamite problems 257
8. John V Palaeologus and John VI Cantacuzenus:
Constantinople and the West 260
9. Manuel II: the council of Ferrara-Florence and after 267
10. The authority of the Byzantine Church in the later middle
ages ( c. 1334-1453) 286
PART
II
ORGANIZATION AND LIFE OF THE ORTHODOX CHURCH IN
BYZANTIUM
1.
Collegiality: the emergence of the pentarchy; the position of
Constantinople 297
2.
The patriarchate of Constantinople and the Emperor 299
3.
Canon law: the nomocanons 304
end p.ix
4. The Notitiae Episcopatuum : the higher clergy and imperial
ceremonial 310
5. The oecumenical Patriarch and his election 312
6. Patriarchal administration: the major officials of the Great Church
314
7. The patriarchal synod: the metropolitans 318
8. Secular clergy in the provinces (eparchies) and in the dioceses
325
9. Monks and monasteries 335
10.
Bibliographical Note 369
Glossary 381
Index 385
Maps 409
end p.x
Introduction
J. M. Hussey
In accordance with the plan of this series this book deals with the Church of the
Byzantine Empire from the re-shaping of the polity in the post-Justinianic period
of the seventh century to the downfall of Byzantium in the fifteenth century. It was
within this framework that one of the main branches of Orthodox Christianity
developed and was enabled to give its religion to the neighbouring Slav peoples.
When John Meyendorff published his Byzantine Theology in 1974 a reviewer
took exception to his title on the ground that the truths of Orthodoxy were not
related to any historical period. 1
1
P. Sherrard in JEH , 26 (1975), 430.
This may be so, but it is also a fact that Orthodox theology was Byzantine
theology. Universal truths have to be articulated in a temporal milieu and this
articulation however imperfect is that of its generation. The historian cannot
therefore discard the world in which medieval eastern Orthodoxy developed, nor
ignore the ecclesiastical framework of the Church, and indeed the spirituality of
its people is often better understood in the light of the contemporary background.
In the present state of our knowledge a book on the Byzantine Church must
necessarily be in the nature of an interim report since much pioneer work
remains to be done. Probably the most significant result of the research of this
generation is a change of emphasis. Byzantine life is now seen as marked by
constant change though at the same time there was loyal adherence to certain
traditions governing the outlook of both Church and Empire. It has also become
increasingly clear that Byzantium had its own creative contribution to make not
only in art (that at least had been allowed), but in other fields and most vital of all
in its many-sided religious life. The Church was not a department of state. But it
The spiritual life of the Orthodox in Byzantium 349

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