Filozofia.pdf

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ÚVOD DO FILOZOFIE --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6
Prvotnopospolná spoločnosť --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6
Znaky---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6
Predpoklady vzniku filozofie ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7
Vzťah filozofie a špeciálnych vied --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8
Filozofické disciplíny -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8
Delenie filozofických smerov ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9
Význam filozofie-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9
ANTICKÁ FILOZOFIA OD PRELOMU 6 /7 ST. PNL. DO 6 ST. NL.-----------------------10
Kozmologické obdobie -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------11
Milétska škola ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------11
Eleátska škola ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------12
Atomisti---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------13
Idealisti ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------14
Materialisti -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------15
Sofisti -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------16
KLASICKÁ GRÉCKA FILOZOFIA -----------------------------------------------------------------17
Sokrates --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------17
Učenie Sokrata --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------17
Gnozeológia ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------18
Etika ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------18
Platón -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------19
Tvorba Platóna --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------19
Učenie--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------20
Gnozeológia ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------20
Učenie o človeku ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------20
Sociálne + politické názory -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------21
Skupiny obyvateľstva v ideálnom štáte--------------------------------------------------------------------------------21
Aristoteles -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------22
Tvorba Aristotela ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------22
Učenie o podstate -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------23
Filozofia zlatej strednej cesty --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------23
Fyzika --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------24
Rozum -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------24
Etické názory -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------24
Politika -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------25
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HELENIZMUS -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------26
Stoicizmus-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------26
Učenie--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------26
Názory na štát----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------27
Epikureizmus -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------28
Poznanie ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------28
Etika ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------28
Diela Epikura: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------29
Sociálne názory--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------29
Novoplatonizmus -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------29
Učenie o svetoch ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------29
Skepticizmus -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------30
Učenie--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------30
Eklekticizmus-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------31
Novopytagoreizmus----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------31
STREDOVEKÁ FILOZOFIA--------------------------------------------------------------------------32
Nový zákon ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------33
Filozofia --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------33
Patristika -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------33
Apologetické hnutie----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------33
Gnosticizmus-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------34
Aurélius Augustín-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------34
Učenie--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------34
Gnozeológia ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------35
Učenie o predestinácií -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------35
Scholastika----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------36
Raná scholastika --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------36
Realisti -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------36
Nominalisti --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------36
Vrcholná scholastika --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------37
Tomáš Akvinský ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------37
Diela ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------37
Gnozeológia ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------38
Etika ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------38
Politika -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------38
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NOVOVEKÁ FILOZOFIA -----------------------------------------------------------------------------39
Francis Bacon ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------41
Učenie--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------41
Diela ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------41
René Descartes ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------43
Prínos --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------43
Diela ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------43
Fyzika a náuka o človeku -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------45
Benedictus (Baruch) Spinoza---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------46
Diela ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------46
Gottried Wilhelm Leibniz ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------47
Diela ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------48
Učenie--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------48
Thomas Hobbes ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------50
Diela ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------50
John Locke----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------51
Gnozeológia ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------51
Názory na štát----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------53
George Berkeley---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------54
David Hume ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------55
OSVIETENSTVO ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------56
Osvietenstvo v Anglicku---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------56
Francúzske osvietenstvo --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------57
Charles Louis de Montesquieu -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------58
Deľba štátnej moci ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------58
Francois Marie Arouet - Voltaire -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------59
Diela ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------59
Jean Jacques Rousseau----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------61
Spoločenská zmluva -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------62
Emil, alebo o výchove -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------62
Encyklopedisti -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------63
Denis Diderot -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------63
Julien Offrai de la Mettrie -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------63
Jean d´ Alembert ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------63
Paul Heinrich Didrich d´ Holbach----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------64
Claud Adrien Helvetius ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------64
Etien Bonet de Condillac --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------64
NEMECKÁ KLASICKÁ FILOZOFIA ---------------------------------------------------------------65
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Immanuel Kant -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------67
Predkritické obdobie--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------68
Kritické obdobie--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------68
Kritika praktického rozumu -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------70
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------71
Učenie Hegela ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------72
Ludwig Feuerbach ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------74
Ďalší predstavitelia filozofie -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------75
FILOZOFIA 19. STOROČIA -------------------------------------------------------------------------76
Voluntarizmus------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------77
Arthur Schopenhauer--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------77
Friedrich Nietzsche-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------79
Pozitivizmus --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------82
1. fáza pozitivizmu - pozitivizmus ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------82
Auguste Comte ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------82
2. fáza pozitivizmu - empiriokriticizmus-------------------------------------------------------------------------------84
Richard Avenarius ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------84
Ernest Mach ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------84
3. fáza pozitivizmu - novopozitivizmus, logický empirizmus --------------------------------------------------85
Rudolf Carnap------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------86
4. fáza pozitivizmu - postpozitivizmus --------------------------------------------------------------------------------87
Karl Raimund Popper ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------87
Paul Feyerabend ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------87
Thomas Samuel Kuhn -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------87
EXISTENCIALIZMUS----------------------------------------------------------------------------------88
Sören Kierkegaard ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------89
Filozofia existencie v Nemecku ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------91
Karl Jaspers---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------91
Martin Heidegger --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------92
Francúzsky existencializmus ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------93
Jean Paul Sartre ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------93
Gabriel Marcel ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------94
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Albert Camus-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------94
Simone de Beauvoir--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------94
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