Zodiacs - Timeline of Egypt Cut in Stone by Anatoly T Fomenko & al (2005).pdf - Anatolij T Fomenko - morefaya2006

ZODIACS

Timeline of Egypt Cut

in Stone

Anatoly T. Fomenko

Tatiana N. Fomenko

Wieslaw Z. Krawcewicz

Gleb V. Nosovskiy

New Chronology Publications

April 21, 2005

Preface

We are all aware that history can not be considered as an area of knowledge where the portrayed

facts are scientically supported. It was always an arena for political or nationalistic manipulations

and smaller or larger falsication. Ancient history is not an exception and in fact its problems are

more serious than one could suspect.

All the authors of this book are mathematicians and we would like to illustrate how modern

applied mathematics can be used to investigate the chronology of ancient events. Our results chal-

lenge the correctness of the ancient chronology supported by the overwhelming opinion of reputable

experts in history. It is not our intention to create a sensation or to discredit anybody. Our objective

is to attract more attention to a serious scientic problem.

We are aware that it was always extremely hard to introduce principally new ideas in any eld

of knowledge. There are numerous examples in physics, mathematics, biology, medicine and other

sciences, when the new theories were only accepted after long years of absolute rejection by almost

all experts. Nevertheless, every area of science had its turning points when, with hesitation and

lots of pain, old and well established knowledge was rejected to accept new concepts. Such reversals

happened before in astronomy, mechanics, chemistry, physics and even in mathematics. There were

also reversals in economics and psychology as well. Surprisingly, the historical chronology throughout

the last four centuries remains intact. There was no signicant improvement of the chronology in

spite of the computer technology and modern methods of data analysis.

Nowadays, more and more mathematics is used in social areas. During the last century, economics

owes its development to mathematics. There is a growing need for mathematics in psychology,

sociology, demography, social epidemiology and criminology. Not surprisingly, mathematics is also

trying to make its contribution in areas that seem to be quite distant from it.

Historical chronology, when it was created in the 17th century was considered as a part of

mathematics (even J. Scaliger, who is know as the creator of the presently accepted version of

the chronology, considered himself to be a mathematician). Later, it was incorporated as a part of

history, which is a pure social science not relying on the natural sciences methodology. Without solid

scientic tools, historians are not able to solve principal problems existing in the chronology (clearly,

problems exist in any area of knowledge). In our book, we will show that there are serious problems

in a very foundation of the conventional chronology.

How anybody can be sure that historical events we learned about in school, from books or even

movies, really took place? Maybe some of them are simply fairy tales or fantasies that are considered

now to be historical facts. However, a prevailing opinion is that there is no reason to worry about

the accuracy of the conventional chronology. Historians claim that their work provides us with clear

and comprehensive explanations of every historical epoch and that strictly scientic methods, for

example the carbon-14 dating and dendrochronology support it. However, there are serious problems

with usage of physical methods to support the conventional chronology. We do not want to discuss

this problem here and we refer the interested reader to the books [98] and [110].

The astronomical dating, using contemporary scientic theories, remains in fact the only method

that can produce reliable precise dates for ancient events. In particular, remains of many old

Egyptian zodiacs containing horoscopes are important material for such dating. Analysis of some of

iii

iv Preface

these horoscopes was already attempted in the 18th and 19th centuries but did not lead to any solid

date.

Recently it was discovered (see [109]) that Egyptian zodiacs contain much more astronomical

information that it was previously believed. This gave us an opportunity to establish dozens of

unique dates from the ancient Egyptian history. It appears that it is possible to determine with

very high condence the exact dates represented on the Egyptian zodiacs .

In this book we have analyzed several accessible to us old Egyptian zodiacs containing valid

astronomical data (horoscopes). These zodiacs were created in form of reliefs, carvings in stone or

paintings. The purpose of this book is to astronomically date all these zodiacs. The obtained dates

appear to be much later than it is suggested in the conventional chronology of Egypt.

In this book are not going to discuss in this book how serious are the implications of these new

dates on the ancient history. Our only objective is to present a serious scientic evidence without

making any a priori assumption of its correctness or incorrectness. Our research is independent of

the restrictions imposed by the conventional chronology. Being mathematicians, we simply solve the

puzzle of ancient Egyptian zodiacs, where the hidden dates were encoded inside the horoscopes. We

nd these dates and let them speak for themselves.

We are using here the results that were obtained by A.T. Fomenko and G.V. Nosovskiy, and

were published in Russia in 2001 (see [109]). However, it is not a translation of the original Russian

book. It is a dierent presentation of the same material with many new illustrations and some

new results obtained recently. We do not require from the reader any mathematical background or

astronomical knowledge. We include all the information and detailed explanations necessary for a

complete understanding of the problem and the methods applied to solve it. We also provide our

readers with the tools to conduct their further independent research. The special software used for

the computations of the dates on the Egyptian zodiacs and high resolution images of the Egyptian

zodiacs, are available form the web sites:

http://krawcewicz.net/downloads.htm or http://chronologia.org

All the technicalities are separated from the main text and placed in Appendixes.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to express their gratitude to Professor Y.V. Tatarinov from Moscow State

University for his help in collecting material about the Egyptian zodiacs. Special thanks go to Mane

Leung, who created the Windows interface for the program HOROS , which was used for the dating

of the zodiacs presented in this book. We are also thankful to our colleagues from the Department

of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences at the University of Alberta, for their interest and support,

in particular: Jack Macki, John Bowman, Jacques Carriere and Oksana Kotovych. We would like to

thank Florin Diacu from Vicoria Unversity for his sugestons and comments. Special thanks go to

Veronica Krawcewicz and Maria Marsh for their help with the proofreading of the manuscript. In

addition, we would like to express our gratitude to all people who were helping and supporting us

during the work on this book, including Alexander Orlov, Grazyna Krawcewicz, Andrew Mitchell, Pi-

otr Zabreiko, BindhyachalRai, Hector Calderon, Jules de Tibeiro, Dragos Hrimiuc, Timothy Taylor,

and many others.

Contents

1 The Problems of Historical Chronology 1

1.1 Creation of the Contemporary Chronology of the Ancient Times . . . . . . . . . . . 2

1.2 Who were the Critics of Scaliger’s Chronology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

1.3 Questionable Authenticity of the Fundamental “Ancient” Manuscripts . . . . . . . . 8

1.4 Medieval Anachronisms and Measuring Time in the Middle Ages . . . . . . . . . . . 10

1.5 Vowels in Ancient Manuscripts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

1.6 The Controversy over Ptolemy’s Almagest ........................ 12

1.6.1 Coordinate System used in the Almagest ..................... 13

1.6.2 North Star as the First Star of the Catalogue Almagest ............ 14

1.6.3 Statistical Analysis of the Star Catalogue Almagest ............... 15

1.7 Peculiarities in Development of Ancient Astronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

1.8 Mathematical and Statistical Methods for Dating Events of Ancient History. . . . . 21

2 Ancient Egyptian Zodiacs 33

2.1 EgyptianZodiacs...................................... 34

2.2 Why Egyptologists Avoid Astronomical Dating of Egyptian Zodiacs? . . . . . . . . . 52

2.3 Our New Approach to Dating Egyptian Zodiacs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

2.4 Pictures of Egyptian Zodiacs used for Dating in this Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

2.5 Our Abbreviations for Egyptian Zodiacs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

3 Previous Attempts of Astronomical Dating of Egyptian Zodiacs 67

3.1 History of Dating of the Denderah Zodiacs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

3.2 TwoEsnaZodiacs ..................................... 73

3.3 Athribis Zodiacs Discovered by Flinders Petrie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

3.4 Brugsch’sZodiac ...................................... 80

3.5 Astronomical Dating of Zodiacs by Egyptologists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

4 New Approach to Decoding of Egyptian Zodiacs 87

4.1 New Approach to Decoding of Egyptian Zodiacs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

4.2 Equinox and Solstice Points on Egyptian Zodiacs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

4.3 Egyptian Zodiacs as Astronomical Pictures of the Whole Year Containing the Main

Date............................................. 93

4.4 Dating of Egyptian Zodiacs with Equal Treatment of all Admissible Decodings . . . 95

5 Symbolism on Egyptian Zodiacs and New Complete Decoding 97

5.1 Symbols of Constellations on Egyptian Zodiacs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

5.1.1 Aries......................................... 98

5.1.2 Taurus........................................ 98

5.1.3 Gemini ....................................... 99

5.1.4 Cancer........................................ 99

5.1.5 Leo ......................................... 99

5.1.6 Virgo ........................................ 105

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