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41. Useful Expressions
Hay
Había
Hay que + infinitive
Tener que + inf.
Ir a + inf.
Acabar de + inf.
Hace + time
There is/are
There was/were
It is necessary to + inf.
To have to + inf.
To go to + inf.
To have just + past participle
time + ago
42. Progressive Tenses
The progressive tense indicates an action that is ongoing. It is formed by using estar (in any tense)
with a present participle. Present participles are formed by dropping the ending of the verb, and
adding the following endings to the stem:
Present Participles
-ar -ando
-er -iendo
-ir -iendo
Juan está hablando. Josh is talking.
Estaban cantando. They were singing.
Estuve escribiendo una carta. I was writing a letter.
43. Haber
Haber - to have
he
has
ha
hemos
habéis
han
44. Present Perfect
The present perfect tense is a compound tense using haber with a past participle. (Haber is only used
as a helping verb; it is never used to show possession.) This tense can be translated as have or has
done something. Please note that the preterite tense is used more often than this tense when
expressing the past.
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Past participles are formed by dropping the infinitive ending, and adding these endings:
Past Participles
-ar
-er
-ir
-ado
-ido
-ido
The following verbs have irregular past participles: abrir (to open) - abierto (opened); escribir (to
write) - escrito (written); morir (to die) - muerto (died); poner (to put) - puesto (put); ver (to see) -
visto (seen); volver (to return) - vuelto (returned); decir (to say) - dicho (said); hacer (to do) - hecho
(done).
No han vendido la casa. They have not sold the house.
Dónde ha puesto Ud. la llave? Where have you put the key?
Hemos gastado mucho dinero. We have spent a lot of money.
Qué ha dicho Ud.? What did you say?
45. Places
movies
el cine
office
la oficina
restaurant
el restaurante
bank
el banco
mountain
la montaña
pastry shop
la pastelería
swimming pool la piscina
meat shop
la carnicería
cafe
el café
ice cream shop le heladería
house
la casa
fruit shop
la frutería
concert
el concierto
fish shop
la pescadería
library
la biblioteca
pharmacy
la farmacia
theater
el teatro
candy store
la dulcería
country
el campo
bookstore
la librería
supermarket el supermercado paper store
la papelería
bread shop
la panadería
flower shop
la floristería
46. Transportation
by bus en autobús
by bicycle en bicicleta
by car en coche
by motorcycle en motocicleta
by subway en metro
by taxi
en taxi
by plane
en avión
by train
en tren
by boat
en barco
on foot
a pie
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47. To Want, to Be Able to, to Have to
querer-to want poder-to be able to, can deber-to have to, must
quiero queremos puedo
podemos
debo
debemos
quieres queréis puedes podéis
debes debéis
quiere quieren puede
pueden
debe
deben
48. House
house
living room
den
dining room
kitchen
bedroom
room
closet
bathroom
fireplace
stairway
wall
floor
ceiling
roof
hall
window
ground floor
second floor
la casa
la sala de recibo
el gabinete
el comedor
la cocina
la recámara
el cuarto
el armario
el cuarto de baño
la chimenea
la escalera
la pared
el suelo
el techo
el tejado
el pasillo
la ventana
el piso bajo
el primer piso
49. Furniture
furniture
table
couch
sofa
desk
chair
armchair
bookcase
carpet
rug
curtain, drape
lamp
picture
wardrobe
bed
dresser
chest of drawers
stove
refrigerator
el mueble
le mesa
el diván
el sofá
el escritorio
la silla
la butaca
el estante para libros
la alfombra
el tapete
la cortina
la lámpara
el cuadro
el guardarropa
la cama
el tocador
la cómoda
la estufa
el refrigerador
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50. Comparative and Superlative
Comparisons are expressed as follows:
màs...que
menos...que
tan...como
tanto(a, os, as)...como
more... than
less... than
as... as
as much/many... as
El gato es menos inteligente que el perro. The cat is less intelligent than the dog.
Mi prima tiene más discos que nadie. My cousin has more records than anyone.
No tengo tanto dinero como ustedes. I don't have as much money as you.
To form comparatives, just add más or menos before the adjective or adverb. To form the
superlative, place the definite article before the comparative. Note that de is used to express in after a
superlative.
más alta taller
la más alta the tallest
Rosa es la niña más alta de la clase. Rosa is the tallest girl in the class.
51. Irregular Forms
Some adjectives and adverbs have irregular comparative and superlative forms. The most common
are:
Adjective/Adverb Comparative
Superlative
good
bad
great
small
well
badly
much
little
bueno
malo
grande
pequeño
bien
mal
mucho
poco
better
worse
greater
less
better
worse
more
less
mejor
peor
mayor
menor
mejor
peor
más
menos
the best
the worst
the greatest
the least
best
worst
most
least
el mejor
el peor
el mayor
el menor
el mejor
el peor
el más
el menos
Note that the bueno and malo change according to gender and number while grande and pequeño
change according to gender. The adverbs (the last four) do not agree with the noun.
52. Clothing
clothing
clothes
dress
la ropa
los vestidos
el vestido
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suit
blouse
skirt
jacket
wrap, coat
hat
beret
shoes
slippers
robe
underwear
gloves
purse
raincoat
umbrella
pants
vest
coat
shirt
collar
tie
belt
sock
cap
overcoat
wallet
shorts
pajamas
el traje
la blusa
la falda
la chaqueta
el abrigo
el sombrero
la boina
los zapatos
las zapatillas
la bata
la ropa interior
los guantes
la bolsa
el impermeable
el paraguas
los pantalones
el chaleco
el saco
la camisa
el cuello
la corbata
el cinturón
el calcetín
la gorra
el sobretodo
la cartera
los calzoncillos
el pijama
53. To Wear
llevar - to wear
ponerse - to put on
llevo
llevas
lleva
llevamos
lleváis
llevan
me pongo
te pones
se pone
nos ponemos
os ponéis
so ponen
Note: You don't use possessive pronouns when referring to parts of the body or clothing, but you do
use the definite article.
54. Future Tense
The future of regular verbs is formed by adding the following endings to the infinitive:
-é
-ás
-á
-emos
-éis
-án
Many verbs use irregular stems in the future tense, but they still use the regular endings from above:
decir (to say, tell)
dir-
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