Tabela przedstawiająca prawdobodobieństwo (od 100% w dół)
Stopieńprawdopodobieństwa
Czasownik w zdaniu twierdzącym
(o sytuacji obecnej)
Czasownik w zdaniu przeczącym
100%
She is reading a book
CERTAINTY
She isn't reading a book.
95%
She must be reading a book.
PROBABILITY (LOGICAL)
She can't be reading a book.
IMPOSSIBILITY
50%
She may be reading a book.
POSSIBILITY
She may not be reading a book.
49%
She might be reading a book.
She might not be reading a book.
0-20%
She could be reading a book.
(o sytuacji z przeszłości)
She was reading a book
She wasn't reading a book.
She must have been reading a book.
She can't have been reading a book.
She couldn't have been reading a book.
She may have been reading a book.
She may not have been reading a book.
She might have been reading a book.
She might not have been reading a book.
She could have been reading a book.
Oba angielskie czasowniki znaczają, że coś jest prawdopodobne, ale nie jesteśmy pewni.
Na przykład
- "Where's Asia?"
- "I don't know. She could still be in the office " (Może jest jeszcze w biurze -zgaduję)
lub
- "I don't know. She could have already gone home". (Może już poszła do domu -zgaduję)
'Oznaczają, że jest to niemożliwe i jesteśmy tego prawie w 100% pewni.
- "I don't know. She can't still be in the office, because I've searched the entire building." (Nie może być nadal w biurze, ponieważ przeszukałem już cały budynek - jestem pewny)
- "I don't know. She can't have gone home, because her bag's still here." (Nie mogła pójść do domu ponieważ jej torebka jeszcze tu jest)
"I don't know. She couldn't have gone home, because her bag's still here" (Nie mogła pójść do domu ponieważ jej torebka jeszcze tu jest)
Czasowniki modalne wyrażające obligację
Funkcja
Czasownik
Przykład: czas teraźniejszy i przyszły
Przykład: czas przeszły
STRONG OBLIGATION
MUST
I must bring you the book I borrowed.
I had to bring you the book I'd borrowed
MUSTN'T
You mustn't smoke in here.
You weren't allowed to smoke in here.
HAVE TO
You have to stay at home tonight
You had to stay at home that night.
Zaprzeczeniem "MUST" jest "don't/doesn't/didn't HAVE TO" .
Czas przeszły MUST to "HAD TO".
Czas przeszły MUSTN'T to "weren't/wasn't ALLOWED TO"
"Must" i "have" to znaczą to samo. Są one wymienne, chociaż "must" odnosi się bardziej do obligacji wewnętrznej a "have to" do narzuconej z zewnątrz.
Czasowniki wyrażające brak obligacji
NO OBLIGATION
DON'T HAVE TO
I don't have to study, becasue I already have.
I didn't have to study, because I already had.
DON'T NEED TO
I don't need to take that course.
I didn't need to take that course.
NEEDN'T
You needn't buy me a present.
You needn't have bought me a present.
"Don't need to" i "needn't" znaczą nie musieć, nie potrzebować.
You don't need to study - nie musisz uczyć się i skoro tak, to najprawdopodobniej nie będziesz. Zdanie znaczy to samo co
You needn't study lub you don't have to study.
You needn't have studied - nie musiałeś ale to zrobiłeś.
Czasowniki wyrażające radę
FORMAL ADVICE
WOULD
I would do this if I were you
I would have done it if I'd been you.
WOULDN'T
I wouldn't talk to him if I were you.
I wouldn't have talk to him if I'd been you.
INFORMAL ADVICE
blackheart