117.pdf

Bo nauka nie musi być nudna!

I. Read the text and do the exercises below. Przeczytaj tekst i wykonaj ćwiczenia.

Love between people and robots

Last year, David Levy published a book, Love and Sex with Robots , which marked a

culmination of years of research about the interactions between humans and computers. His

basic idea is that, for humans who cannot establish emotional or sexual connections with other

people, they might form them with robots.

1. ……

Everything happened almost by accident. I learned to play chess by eight—it was my big

passion in high school and university. In my last year at university, I came across a thing

called a computer. I got interested in computer programming through programming games.

Then I head about a subject called AI, which people in Edinburgh were working on, such as

Donald Michie who worked with Alan Turing on breaking German codes. Donald Michie was

an amazing guy who was killed just recently in a car crash. He was the founding father of AI

in the U.K. and introduced me and others to AI.

2. ……

Back then, people wrote chess programs to simulate human thought processes. It turned out in

time that approach didn't work, that chess programs would use completely different

techniques that are not humanlike at all. But I was still left interested in simulating human

thought processes and emotions and personality. So that started me thinking even more about

the way humans interact with computers—not just by typing on a keyboard, but how people

could interact with computers in a humanlike way. I funded a project for three years that won

the Loebner Prize in 1997, a world championship for conversational computer programs

decided by a Turing test–type conversation.

3. ……

Around the year 2003, I started researching this topic very seriously. I was writing a book,

Robots Unlimited , with a couple of chapters on robot emotion—love, even sex. I found so

much material that when I finished that book, I wanted to look even more deeply in human

emotional relationships with computers, with the possibility of sexual relations. I decided to

call the book I wrote Love and Sex with Robots .

4. ……

The one single thing that made me go into this subject deeply was when I read a book by

Sherry Turkle, The Second Self . In there, she wrote about some students she interviewed in

her attempts to figure out how people related to computers. In one anecdote with a student

dubbed "Anthony," tried having girlfriends but preferred relationships with computers. With

girls, he wasn't sure how to react; but with computers, he knew how to react. I thought that

was so fascinating. And there are loads of Anthonys out there who find it difficult to, or can't

form satisfying relationships with, humans. I dedicated my book Love and Sex with Robots to

Anthony and all the other Anthonys before and since of both sexes—to all those who feel lost

and hopeless without relationships, to let them know there will come a time when they can

form relationships with robots.

Bo nauka nie musi być nudna!

5. ……

I was actually recently contacted by a woman at the University of Washington, who wants to

write a thesis on human–robot relationships.

6. ……

I'm writing an academic paper on the ethical treatment of robots. Not just the ethics of

designing robots to do certain things—people write about whether we should design robots to

go into combat and kill people, for instance—but should we be treating robots in an ethical

way. If we treat robots in an unethical way, would that be a very bad lesson for other people

and children? If it's seen as okay to maltreat robots, would that send a message about living

creatures?

7. ……

She has a different slant from me. She's not a science person at all—her background's in

English and drama; she's not interested in computers or robots or AI. She was totally skeptical

of the idea that humans would fall in love with robots. She's still fairly skeptical, but she's

beginning to appreciate something like this will happen.

8. ……

I know some people think the idea is totally outlandish. But I am totally convinced it's

inevitable. I would be absolutely astounded if I'm proven wrong—not if I'm a few years off,

but if I'm proven completely wrong.

1. Interviewer’s questions have been removed from the text. Put them back into

appropriate places. Z wywiadu usuni ę to pytania. Wstaw je w odpowiednie

miejsca.

a) Did any of the research you found prove especially memorable?

b) Do you think others will follow this field?

c) What does your wife think?

d) So your interest in chess programs led you to computers and, ultimately,

artificial intelligence?

e) So, moving on from mere conversation, you began researching how far

interaction between humans and robots could go?

f) What directions will you pursue now?

g) How did you first become interested in artificial intelligence (AI)?

h) What happens if 50 years from now your predictions have not proved

true, and humans and robots don't marry?

2. Read the text again and choose the right aswers. Przeczytaj ponownie tekst i

wybierz właściwe odpowiedzi

1. David saw a computer for the first time:

a. when he entered university

b. when he was finishing university

c. after university

Bo nauka nie musi być nudna!

2. The concept of AI was brought to UK by:

a. Donald Michie

b. Alan Turning

c. David Levy

3. David won a prize for:

a. conversation computer program

b. chess computer program

c. typing computer program

4. The title of David’s book is:

a. Robots Unlimited

b. The Second Self

c. Love and Sex with Robots

5. David dedicated his book to:

a. Anthony

b. People who have problems with relationships with other people

c. Sherry Turkle

6. David is now writing a paper on:

a. treating robots in an ethical way

b. war

c. living creatures

7. David’s wife specializes in:

a. computers

b. Artificial Intelligence

c. language

8. David would be surprised if:

a. his predictions didn’t come true

b. people married robots

c. his predictions came true later than he expects

II. Expressing purpose

In English we express purpose by using the following phrases:

to / in order to / so as to + infinitive : She went to university in order to become a vet

so that + can/will (present/future) : We got up early so that we won’t miss the bus

so that + could/would (past) :

He told her the truth so that she would trust him

with a view to + -ing :

She set up a company with a view to making millions

with the aim of + -ing :

We called him with the aim of finding out the results

for + noun / -ing :

I have some liquid for cleaning steel

for fear + might/should :

She was quiet for fear that she might wake him up

for fear of:

She worked harder for fear of losing her job

lest + might/should :

They put the money in a safe lest it might be stolen

prevent + noun + (from) –ing :

He locked the door to prevent the dog from leaving

avoid + -ing :

She ordered a pizza to avoid cooking dinner

in case :

Take an umbrella in case it rains

Bo nauka nie musi być nudna!

1. Rewrite the sentences using the word given. Przekształć zdania stosując podany

wyraz.

1. She took an umbrella so she wouldn’t get wet

avoid She took an umbrella ……………………………..

2. Tourists should sign their suitcases. They may get lost

case Tourists should sign their suitcases ……………………………..

3. They bought a bigger house because they decided to have children

aim They bought a bigger house ……………………………..

4. If you take vitamins you will not get ill

prevents Taking medicines ……………………………..

5. Jane took up aerobics in order to lose some weight

view Jane took up aerobics ……………………………..

6. He went to university because he wanted to have better work prospects

in He went to university ……………………………..

7. This button opens the window

for This button ……………………………..

8. I went to the market at night because I didn’t want to stand in queues

avoid I went to the market at night ……………………………..

9. They are saving money because they want to buy a new car

order They are saving money ……………………………..

10. She started taking more care about herself because she wants to find a husband

view

She started taking more care about herself ……………………………..

Key

1. How did you first become interested in artificial intelligence (AI)?

2. So your interest in chess programs led you to computers and, ultimately, artificial

intelligence?

3. So, moving on from mere conversation, you began researching how far

interaction between humans and robots could go?

4. Did any of the research you found prove especially memorable?

5. Do you think others will follow this field?

6. What directions will you pursue now?

7. What does your wife think?

8. What happens if 50 years from now your predictions have not proved true, and

humans and robots don't marry?

1. b

2. a

3. a

Bo nauka nie musi być nudna!

4. c

5. b

6. a

7. c

8. a

II.

1. She took an umbrella to avoid getting wet

2. Tourists should sign their suitcases in case they get lost

3. They bought a bigger house with the aim of having children

4. Taking medicines prevents you (from) getting ill

5. Jane took up aerobics with a view to losing some weight

6. He went to university in order to have better work prospects

7. This button is for opening the window

8. I went to the market at night to avoid (standing in) queues

9. They are saving money in order to buy a new car

10. She started taking more care about herself with a view to finding a husband

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