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Encyclopedia of World Scientists
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Encyclopedia of
WORLD SCIENTISTS
Revised Edition
E lizabEth h. O akEs
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Encyclopedia of World Scientists, Revised Edition
Copyright © 2007 by Infobase Publishing
This is a revised edition of Encyclopedia of World Scientists
Copyright © 2001 by Infobase Publishing
and International Encyclopedia of Women Scientists
Copyright © 2002 by Infobase Publishing
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information
storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information
contact:
Facts On File, Inc.
An imprint of Infobase Publishing
132 West 31st Street
New York NY 10001
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Oakes, Elizabeth H., 1964–
Encyclopedia of world scientists/Elizabeth H. Oakes.—Rev. ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-8160-6158-7
ISBN-10: 0-8160-6158-0
1. Scientists—Biography—Encyclopedias. I. Title.
Q141.025 2007
509.2'—dc22
[B]
Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities
for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions. Please call our Special Sales
Department in New York at (212) 967-8800 or (800) 322-8755.
You can find Facts On File on the World Wide Web at http://www.factsonfile.com
Text design by Erika K. Arroyo
Cover design by Salvatore Luongo
Chronology by Dale Williams
Printed in the United States of America
VB MSRF 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
2007006076
C ONTENTS
Acknowledgments
iv
Introduction
v
List of Entries
vii
Biographical Essays A–Z
1
Bibliography
803
Entries by Field
805
Entries by Country of Birth
814
Entries by Country of Major Scientific Activity
820
Entries by Year of Birth
827
Chronology
834
A CKNOWLEDGMENTS
For assistance with photographs and biographical infor-
mation, I thank those scientists who graciously respond-
ed to my requests and the many libraries and archives
who helped. I would also like to express my gratitude
to the University of Montana Mansfield Library, where
much of the research for this book was completed, and
to the authors of the many science reference books I
consulted.
Finally, my sincerest thanks to Frank K. Darmstadt,
Executive Editor, Melissa Cullen-DuPont, Assistant Editor,
and Alana Braithwaite, Editorial Assistant, for their unwav-
ering support and superb guidance throughout the project.
iv
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