INSTRUMENTY SMYCZKOWE

Do instrumentów smyczkowych należą:

·         skrzypce (Violini; Vni),

·         altówka (Viole),

·         wiolonczela (Vlc),

·         kontrabas (Cbass) – brzmi oktawę niżej od zapisu nutowego.

Wszystkie instrumenty smyczkowe mają taką samą budowę, a różnią się między sobą tylko rozmiarami oraz tym, że wiolonczela i kontrabas posiadają nóżki.

Lutnicy

Polscy:

·         Baltazar Dankwart (zm. ok. 1622 lub 1651)

·         Marcin Groblicz I (ok. 1540 – ok. 1609)

·         Marcin Groblicz III (ok. 1650 – ok. 1730)

·         Marcin Groblicz IV (ok. 1680 – ok. 1750)

·         Marcin Groblicz V (zm. po 1760)

Zagraniczni – światowej sławy:

·         Andrea Amati (przed 1511–przed 1580)

·         Antonio Amati (przed 1540–przed 1640)

·         Girolamo (Hieronymus) Amati (1561–1630)

·         Girolamo (Hieronymus II) Amati (1649–1740)

·         Nicola Amati (1596-1684)

·         Andrea Guarneri (1626-1698)

·         Giuseppe Bartolomeo Guarneri, zwany del Gesú (1698-1744)

·         Pietro Giovanni Guarneri (1655-1720)

·         Hopf (Niemiec)

·         Rocco

·         Francesco Ruggieri (1630-1698)

·         Steiner (Niemiec)

·         Antonio Stradivari, Stradivarius (ur. 1643 lub 1644, zm. 1737)

Skrzypkowie

Słynni polscy skrzypkowie:

·         Stefan Czernak

·         Kaja Danczowska (ur. 1949)

·         Teresa Głąbówna

·         Barbara Górzyńska

·         Krysztof Jakowicz (ur. 1939)

·         Paweł Kochański (1887-1934)

·         Konstanty Andrzej Kulka (ur. 1947)

·         Roman Lasocki (ur. 1948)

·         Karol Lipiński (1790-1861)

·         Bartłomiej Nizioł (ur. 1974)

·         Piotr Pławner (ur. 1974)

·         Dorota Siuda

·         Roman Statkiewicz

·         Wanda Wiłkomirska (ur. 1929)

·         Józef Zetner

Słynni skrzypkowie zagraniczni:

·         Yehudi Menuhin (Amerykanin, 1916-1999)

·         Anne-Sophie Mutter (Niemka, ur. 1963)

·         Igor Ojstrach (Rosjanin, s. Dawida, ur. 1931)

·         Dawid Ojstrach (Rosjanin, 1908-1974)

·         Izaac Stern (Amerykanin ur. w Polsce; 1920-2001)

Literatura skrzypcowa (przykłady):

·         Jan Sebastian Bach, trzy koncerty – a-moll, E-dur, d-moll

·         Ludwig van Beethoven, Koncert D-dur

·         Johannes Brahms, Koncert D-dur, Koncert a-moll podwójny

·         Piotr Czajkowski, Koncert D-dur

·         Antonín Dvořák, Koncert skrzypcowy

·         Mieczysław Karłowicz, Koncert H-dur

·         Édouard Lalo[1], Symfonia hiszpańska na skrzypce i orkiestrę

·         Feliks Mendelsohn-Bartholdy, Koncert e-moll

·         Wolfgang Amadeusz Mozart, pięć koncertów skrzypcowych, m.in. G-dur,
D-dur, A-dur

·         Camille Saint-Säens, Koncert g-moll

·         Igor Strawiński, Koncert skrzypcowy

·         Karol Szymanowski, I i II koncert

·         Henryk Wieniawski, Koncert d-moll, Koncert fis-moll

Budowa instrumentów smyczkowych

Instrumenty smyczkowe składają się z górnej i dolnej deki. Obydwie deki połączone są boczkami. W środku znajduje się belka po lewej stronie, po prawej zaś – kołek rozporowy, zwany duszą.

U góry znajduje się na przedłużeniu deki dolnej szyjka z gryfem, a na samej górze – ślimak z otworami na kołki. Na dece górnej stoi podstawek, który podtrzymuje struny.

Wiolonczela i kontrabas – z uwagi na rozmiar i ciężar – posiadają nóżkę umożliwiającą grę w pozycji siedzącej.

Wszystkie instrumenty smyczkowe posiadają cztery struny.
Wyjątkiem jest specjalny kontrabas do wykonywania utworów klasycznych, ma on pięć strun.

Skrzypce i altówka korzystają z podbródka i tzw. podpórki.

Wykonawstwo

Na instrumentach smyczkowych można grać smyczkiem (arco) lub bez smyczka (pizzicato).

Oprócz zwykłego staccata istnieją też:

·         saute – staccato mechaniczne,

·         spiccato – skaczącym smyczkiem

i inne.

Na wszystkich instrumentach smyczkowych oprócz normalnej gry (palcowanie – nacisk palców na gryf), uzyskać można też flażolety: naturalne – przez niedociśnięcie palca w oktawach pustych strun – oraz sztuczne (tzw. kwartowe) – gdy pierwszy palec to nuta główna, a czwarty nie dociska, co daje efekt fletowego gwizdu.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            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