1987 US Army EVAL CRITERIA GUIDE 4 WATER POLLUTION PREVENTION, CONTROL 150p.pdf

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TM 5-814-8
EVALUATION CRITERIA GUIDE FOR
WATER POLLUTION PREVENTION, CONTROL,
AND ABATEMENT PROGRAMS
HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
23 APRIL 1987
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REPRODUCTION AUTHORIZATION/RESTRICTIONS
This manual has been prepared by or for the Government and is public
property and not subject to copyright.
Reprints or republications of this manual should include a credit substan-
tially as follows: “Department of the Army, Technical Manual TM
5-814-8, Evaluation Criteria Guide for Water Pollution Prevention,
Control and Abatement Programs.”
 
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*TM 5-814-8
HEADQUARTERS
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
Washington, DC 23 April 1987
Technical manual
No. 5-814-8
EVALUATION
PREVENTION,
CRITERIA GUIDE FOR WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL, AND ABATEMENT PROGRAMS
Paragraph
Page
1.
Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chapter
1-1
1-2
1-3
1-1
1-1
1-1
Synopsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Water Resources and usages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Effects of discharge on the environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wastewater characteristics.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sources of industrial and sanitary wastewater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Comparison of domestic and industrial wastewaters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Army Regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Legislation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The NPDES permit system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Establishment of effluent limitations for NPDES Perrnits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pretreatment of industrial wastes discharged to municipal treatment systems . . . . . . . .
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Water and wastewater inventory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Solution methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Disposal alternatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Upgrading of existing facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Environmental impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Specific treatment needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESSES
Preliminary and primary wastewater treatment processes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Biological wastewater treatment processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Physical and chemical wastewater treatment processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Industrial process wastewater treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sludge characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Conditioning and stabilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Thickening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dewatering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Incineration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Solids handling process comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wastewater treatment systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Effluent discharge alternatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Solids handling systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Life cycle cost evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
REFERENCES
2.
Chapter
2-1
2-2
2-3
2-1
2-1
2-1
3.
Chapter
3-1
3-2
3-3
3-4
3-1
3-1
3-7
3-9
4.
Chapter
4-1
4-2
4-3
4-4
4-5
4-1
4-1
4-4
4-6
4-13
5.
Chapter
5-1
5-2
5-3
5-4
5-5
5-6
5-7
5-8
5-1
5-3
5-5
5-8
5-14
5-18
5-18
5-20
6.
Chapter
6-1
6-2
6-3
6-4
6-1
6-6
6-14
6-20
7.
Chapter
7-1
7-2
7-3
7-4
7-5
7-6
7-7
7-8
7-1
7-1
7-2
7-2
7-3
7-3
7-3
7-4
8.
Chapter
8-1
8-1
8-9
8-10
8-1
8-2
8-3
8-4
9.
Chapter
9-1
9-2
9-3
9-1
9-1
9-1
A-1
B-1
C-1
A.
B.
c.
Appendix
Appendix
Appendix
“This manual supersedes TM 5-814-8, dated July 1976.
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TM 5-814-8
Page
BIBLIOGRAPHY-1
GLOSSARY-1
Bibliography
Glossary
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
3-10
3-16
3-19
4-2
4-3
5-2
5-4
6-4
6-31
8-2
8-11
9-2
A-2
A-3
A-4
A-5
A-6
A-7
A-8
A-9
A-10
A-11
A-12
A-13
A-14
A-15
A-16
Figure No.
3-1.
3-2.
3-3.
4-1.
4-2.
5-1.
5-2.
6-1.
6-2.
8-1.
8-2.
9-1.
A-1.
A-2.
A-3.
A-4.
A-5.
A-6.
A-7.
A-8.
A-9.
A-10.
A-11.
A-12.
A-13.
A-14.
A-15.
Title
Comparison of domestic wastewater with selected military industrial wastewater.
Typical TNT production process.
Typical shell-filling and renovating (LAP) plant operation.
Highlights of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act.
Features of Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA).
Program formulation problem solving cycle.
Factors to be considered in a wastewater management program.
The effect of equalization on a wastewater with variable pH.
Emsulified oil removal by cracking and chemical coagulation.
Alternative wastewater treatment processes for military installations.
Alternative sludge processing systems for military installations.
Commonly used indices.
Cost of raw waste pumping.
Cost of preliminary treatment.
Cost of primary clarifiers.
Cost of FeCl 3 addition.
Cost of activated sludge.
Cost of high rate trickling filter.
Cost of suspended growth vitrification system.
Cost of final clarifiers.
Cost of two stage lime clarification.
Cost of multi-media filtration.
Cost of chlorination.
Cost of granular carbon absorption.
Cost of two stage anaerobic digestion.
Cost of vacuum filtration.
Cost of sludge drying beds (uncovered).
LIST OF TABLES
Page
2-3
3-5
3-6
3-7
3-8
3-10
3-11
3-12
3-14
3-14
3-14
3-17
3-17
3-18
3-18
4-7
4-8
4-10
4-11
4-12
4-12
Table No.
2-1.
3-1.
3-2.
3-3.
3-4.
3-5.
3-6.
3-7.
3-8.
3-9.
3-10.
3-11.
3-12.
3-13.
3-14.
4-1.
4-2.
4-3.
4-4.
4-5.
4-6.
4-7.
Undesirable characteristics and effects of wastewater discharges and remedial approaches.
Common enteric pathogenic bacteria and related disease.
Common parasites and related disease.
Average pollutant loading and wastewater volume from domestic household (four members) (100).
Sewage volume and BOD for various services (126).
Comparison of domestic wastewater characteristics with selected military industrial wastewater.
Average characteristics of domestic sewage.
Summary of wastewater quality from maintenance and exterior cleaning activities.
Characteristics of phenolic aircraft paint-stripping wastewater.
Typical laundry waste characteristics.
Analysis of photographic processing wastewater discharge.
Typical TNT wastewater characteristics.
Typical nitroglycerine wastewater characteristics.
Typical munitions metal parts wastewater characteristics.
Typical LAP facility industrial wastewater characteristics.
NPDES primary industry categories*.
Toxic organics.
Existing BPT effluent guidelines for point sources.
Toxic pollutants.
BPT and BAT Standards for metals finishing 40 CFR Part 433 (mg/L).
U.S. EPA secondary treatment standards for municipal discharges.
Pretreatment standards for electroplating point source category, existing sources, all subcategories,
discharge of 10,000 gpd or less.
Pretreatment standards for electroplating point source category, existing sources, all subcategories,
discharges of 10,000 gpd or more.
Pretreatment standards metal finishing.
Prohibited industrial discharges to publicly owned treatment works (POTW’s).
Industries for which initial categorical pretreatment standards are being written.
Example of waste load reductions by in-plant control.
4-13
4-8.
4-14
4-15
4-15
4-16
5-7
4-9.
4-10.
4-11.
5-1.
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TM 5-814-8
LIST OF TABLES (Cent’d)
Page
5-10
5-11
5-15
6-2
6-9
6-12
6-15
6-19
6-20
7-1
7-1
7-5
8-1
8-4
8-12
8-13
8-13
8-13
8-13
8-14
Table No.
5-2.
5-3.
5-4.
6-1.
6-2.
6-3.
6-4.
6-5.
6-6.
7-1.
7-2.
7-3.
8-1.
8-2.
8-3.
8-4.
8-5.
8-6.
8-7.
8-8.
9-1.
Potential non-compliance materials and example control measures.
Stream classification for water quality criteria.
Ten top ranked causes of poor plant performance.
Typical effluent levels of principal domestic wastewater characteristics by degree of treatment.
Summary characteristics of the activated sludge process variations.
General trickling filter design criteria.
Summary of primary and biological wastewater treatment processes.
Expected effluent suspended solids from multi-media filtration of secondary effluent.
Summary of physical and chemical wastewater treatment processes.
Typical raw sludge quantities.
Typical raw sludge solids content.
Summary of solids handling and disposal.
Classification of Army facilities by wastewater flow.
Performance of typical wastewater treatment system alternatives.
Chemical conditioning requirements for various sludge types (167).
Thickening characteristics of various sludge types (percent solids) (167).
Advantages and disadvantages of using sludge drying beds.
Typical sludge concentrations produced by vacuum filtration.
Typical dewatering performance of belt filter presses.
Typical dewatering performance of filter presses (167).
Typical geographical variations in cost indices (values are ENR construction cost index for
March 1983).
9-1
iii
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