111.pdf

Bo nauka nie musi byę nudna!

I. Read the text and do the exercises below. Przeczytaj tekst i wykonaj ęwiczenia

In one corner of the Solar System, life abounds. From the frozen lakes in Antarctica to the

boiling ocean-floor springs of the Pacific, planet Earth is teeming with life. But these diverse

locations all share some common ground. They all contain the essential ingredients needed to

create life.

1ÈÈ..

Biologists studying primitive organisms all agree on one thing. Liquid water is absolutely

essential for life to evolve and survive. The search for life on other worlds is a search for

places where water can exist in liquid form. But why is water so precious?

For life to evolve, simple chemicals must combine to form more complex ones. Many

chemicals dissolve in water allowing them to mix together and react.

Liquid water is the right temperature for chemical reactions to happen.

Many chemicals have parts which are attracted to water and parts which are repelled by it.

These forces also help reactions happen

Carbon is important because of its ability to form long chain-like molecules. Carbon chains

form the backbone of organic molecules.

Hydrogen and oxygen can both bond with carbon in lots of different ways. These two

elements make up water molecules. So if water is present, hydrogen and oxygen will already

be there.

Like hydrogen and oxygen, nitrogen can also combine with carbon in lots of different ways.

Large molecules made from carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen also tend to be very

stable.

2ÈÈ..

All chemical reactions need an energy source to drive them. On Earth, most primitive animals

and plants get their energy by absorbing ultra-violet light from the Sun. This is called

'photosynthesis'. Humans and other animals get their energy by eating plants, or other

animals. So all animals ultimately rely on energy from the Sun to live

3ÈÈ..

For life to evolve, simple molecules have to combine to form more complex ones. This

mixing would have happened in the seas of the early Earth, often called the 'primordial soup'.

4ÈÈ..

Next you need energy. This may have come from lightning storms or hot underwater springs.

This injection of energy sparked chemical reactions. These simple molecules began joining to

form larger, more complex ones, called 'amino acids'.

In a classic experiment in 1953, Stanley Miller and Harold Urey recreated the primordial soup

in the laboratory. By passing electricity through a mixture of simple molecules, they were

able to make amino acids.

5ÈÈ..

Amino acids then joined together end-to-end to form long, chain-like molecules, known as

Bo nauka nie musi byę nudna!

proteins. Proteins are essential for building a living creature. They are involved in the

formation of just about everything in your body, from the colour of your skin to the layout of

neurons in your brain.

6ÈÈ..

Another complex molecule that was formed during these reactions was DNA. DNA has an

amazing characteristic that makes it essential for life - it can reproduce itself. It also carries all

the code to make a living creature.

1. Match the headlines with the paragraphs. PoþĢcz nagþwki z akapitami tekstu.

1. Mix ingredients

2. Liquid water

3. Add energy

4. Wait for life to reproduce

5. An energy source

6. Form complex molecules

2. Match the words from the text with their translation. PoþĢcz wyrazy z tekstu z ich

tþumaczeniem

abounds

ukþad

backbone

rozpoczĢę

boiling

zastrzyk

bond

polegaę

carbon

ostatecznie

complex

azot

dissolve

wiĢzaę

diverse

tlen

hydrogen

wħgiel

injection

wodr

layout

szkielet

liquid

odpychaę

nitrogen

rozpuszczaę

oxygen

zþoŇony

precious

cenny

rely

pþynny

repel

rŇnorodny

spark

tħtniĢcy

teeming

wrzĢcy

ultimately

kwitnĢę

Bo nauka nie musi byę nudna!

3. Read the text again and answer the questions. Przeczytaj ponownie tekst i odpowiedz

na pytania.

1. What is absolutely essential for life to evolve and survive?

2. Why is carbon important?

3. What do carbon chains form?

4. Which elements make up water molecules?

5. What do all chemical reactions need?

6. Where do humans and other animals get their energy from?

7. What do all animals ultimately rely on?

8. What sparked chemical reactions?

9. What did Stanley Miller and Harold Urey do?

10. What carries all the code to make a living creature?

4. Complete the text with appropriate forms of the words given. Uzupeþnij tekst

odpowiednimi formami podanych wyrazw.

A UFO is any flying object that hasn't been identified

as a 1È or man-made entity. Some people think NATURE

these objects are alien spacecraft, although there is no

2È. evidence yet. UFOs have occurred in all CONCLUSION

shapes and sizes, but most often they are round, 3ÈÈ, CILINDER

cigar shaped or 4ÈÈ. There is no evidence of TRIANGLE

5È.. aliens living anywhere in our. INTELLIGENCE

6È.. System. Alien technology could be far in advance SUN

of our own, allowing more 7È.. space travel. There has been no EFFECT

8È.. scientific evidence linking the locations of sightings PROOF

with 9È.. phenomena. Many UFOs could be NATURE

military craft or man-made objects. But witnesses

include air force pilots who are trained in aerial 10È... DETECT

5. Rewrite the sentences so that they contain the given word and have the same meaning.

Przepisz zdania tak, aby zawieraþy podany wyraz i zachowaþy znaczenie.

1. I will let you go if you tell me the truth

UNLESS

I ÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈ.tell me the truth

2. She has such long hair that it takes her ages to dry it

Her ÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈ.. that it takes her ages to dry it

3. There was practically no milk left

HARDLY

There was ÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈ milk left

4. Many people respect the president

LOOK

Many people ÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈ.. the president

5. I regret having told him about it

WISH

I ÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈ. him about it

6. ThereÓs no doubt that she will win the contest

BOUND

She ÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈ.the contest

7. I took my car to the mechanic for repairs last week

HAD

I ÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈ.. last week

8. She certainly wonÓt get that job

STAND

She ÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈ.. that job

9. Tom has always found physics easy

GOOD

Tom ÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈ.. physics

10. ÐDonÓt push that button!Ñ said Jane

ORDERED

Jane ÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈthat button

Bo nauka nie musi byę nudna!

Bo nauka nie musi byę nudna!

KEY

1. Liquid water

2. An energy source

3. Mix ingredients

4. Add energy

5. Form complex molecules

6. Wait for life to reproduce

layout

ukþad

spark

rozpoczĢę

injection

zastrzyk

rely

polegaę

ultimately

ostatecznie

nitrogen

azot

bond

wiĢzaę

oxygen

tlen

carbon

wħgiel

hydrogen

wodr

backbone

szkielet

repel

odpychaę

dissolve

rozpuszczaę

complex

zþoŇony

precious

cenny

liquid

pþynny

diverse

rŇnorodny

teeming

tħtniĢcy

boiling

wrzĢcy

abounds

kwitnĢę

1. Liquid water

2. because of its ability to form long chain-like molecules

3. the backbone of organic molecules

4. Hydrogen and oxygen

5. an energy source

6. from eating plants, or other animals

7. energy from the Sun

8. injection of energy

recreated the primordial soup

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