Fundamentals of Spectrum Analysis - C. Rauscher (2001) WW.pdf

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R&S_Pappband_Spektrumanal
Christoph Rauscher
(Volker Janssen, Roland Minihold)
Fundamentals of Spectrum Analysis
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© Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG
Mühldorfstrasse 15
81671 München
Germany
www.rohde-schwarz.com
First edition 2001
Printed in Germany
This book may only be obtained from the Rohde & Schwarz sales offices and Munich
headquarters. Parts of this publication may be reproduced by photocopying for use as
teaching material. Any further use, in particular digital recording and processing, shall
not be permitted.
PW 0002.6635
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Table of Contents
Table of contents
1
INTRODUCTION
9
2
SIGNALS
10
2.1
Signals displayed in time domain
10
2.2
Relationship between time and frequency domain
11
3
CONFIGURATION AND CONTROL ELEMENTS
OF A SPECTRUM ANALYZER
19
3.1
Fourier analyzer (FFT analyzer)
19
3.2
Analyzers operating according to the heterodyne principle
29
3.3
Main setting parameters
32
4
PRACTICAL REALIZATION OF AN ANALYZER
OPERATING ON THE HETERODYNE PRINCIPLE
34
4.1
RF input section (frontend)
34
4.2
IF signal processing
46
4.3
Determination of video voltage and video filters
58
4.4
Detectors
64
4.5
Trace processing
77
4.6
Parameter dependencies
80
4.6.1
Sweep time, span, resolution and video bandwidths
80
4.6.2
Reference level and RF attenuation
84
4.6.3
Overdriving
90
5
PERFORMANCE FEATURES OF SPECTRUM ANALYZERS
100
5.1
Inherent noise
100
5.2
Nonlinearities
107
5.3
Phase noise (spectral purity)
119
5.4
1 dB compression point and maximum input level
125
5.5
Dynamic range
130
5.6
Immunity to interference
142
5.7
LO feedthrough
145
5.8
Filter characteristics
146
5.9
Frequency accuracy
147
5.10
Level measurement accuracy
148
5.10.1 Error components
149
5
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Table of Contents
5.10.2 Calculation of total measurement uncertainty
156
5.10.3 Error due to low signal-to-noise ratio
164
5.11
Sweep time and update rate
167
6
FREQUENT MEASUREMENTS AND ENHANCED
FUNCTIONALITY
170
6.1
Phase noise measurements
170
6.1.1
Measurement procedure
170
6.1.2
Selection of resolution bandwidth
173
6.1.3
Dynamic range
175
6.2
Measurements on pulsed signals
180
6.2.1
Fundamentals
181
6.2.2
Line and envelope spectrum
186
6.2.3
Resolution filters for pulse measurements
191
6.2.4
Analyzer parameters
192
6.2.5
Pulse weighting in spurious signal measurements
194
6.2.5.1 Detectors, time constants
195
6.2.5.2 Measurement bandwidths
199
6.3
Channel and adjacent-channel power measurement
199
6.3.1
Introduction
199
6.3.2
Key parameters for adjacent-channel
power measurement
202
6.3.3
Dynamic range in adjacent-channel power measurements 203
6.3.4
Methods for adjacent-channel power measurement
using a spectrum analyzer
204
6.3.4.1 Integrated bandwidth method
204
6.3.4.2 Spectral power weighting with modulation filter
(IS-136, TETRA, WCDMA)
208
6.3.4.3 Channel power measurement in time domain
210
6.3.4.4 Spectral measurements on TDMA systems
211
MEASUREMENT TIPS
Measurements in 75 Ω system
35
Measurement on signals with DC component
39
Maximum sensitivity
106
Identification of intermodulation products
117
Improvement of input matching
155
6
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Table of Contents
REFERENCES
214
THE CURRENT SPECTRUM ANALYZER
MODELS FROM ROHDE & SCHWARZ
216
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