Halabi - Internet Routing Architectures - Definitive BGP Resource 2e (Cisco, 2000).pdf

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Internet Routing Architectures, Second Edition
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Internet Routing Architectures, Second Edition
Sam Halabi
Danny McPherson
Publisher: Cisco Press
Second Edition August 23, 2000
ISBN: 1-57870-233-X, 528 pages
Internet Routing Architectures, Second Edition expands on the highly successful first edition,
with new updates on BGP4 and current perspectives on internetworking routing architectures.
This book is intended for any organization needing to build an efficient, reliable, enterprise
network accessing the Internet. Its purpose is to make you an expert on integrating your
network into the global Internet. It is written to address real routing issues, using real
scenarios, in a comprehensive and accessible manner. Internet Routing Architectures, Second
Edition uses a practical, example-oriented approach to provide solutions for ISP connectivity
issues.
Table of Contents
About the Technical Reviewers ..........................................
1
Acknowledgments ...................................................
2
Introduction .......................................................
Objectives ........................................................
Audience ........................................................
Organization ......................................................
Approach ........................................................
Features and Text Conventions ..........................................
Command Syntax Conventions ..........................................
Icons Used in This Book ..............................................
3
3
3
3
4
5
5
6
I: The Contemporary Internet ..........................................
8
1. Evolution of the Internet .............................................
Origins and Recent History of the Internet ..................................
Network Access Points ..............................................
Routing Arbiter Project ..............................................
The Very High-Speed Backbone Network Service ............................
Transitioning the Regional Networks from the NSFNET ........................
NSF Solicits NIS Managers ...........................................
Other Internet Registries .............................................
Internet Routing Registries ............................................
The Once and Future Internet ..........................................
Looking Ahead ...................................................
Frequently Asked Questions ...........................................
References ......................................................
9
10
14
18
22
24
25
28
29
30
33
34
35
2. ISP Services and Characteristics ......................................
ISP Services .....................................................
ISP Service Pricing, Service-Level Agreements, and Technical Characteristics .........
Looking Ahead ...................................................
Frequently Asked Questions ...........................................
36
36
40
50
51
3. IP Addressing and Allocation Techniques ................................
History of Internet Addressing .........................................
IP Address Space Depletion ...........................................
Looking Ahead ...................................................
Frequently Asked Questions ...........................................
References ......................................................
53
53
60
79
79
81
II: Routing Protocol Basics ............................................
83
4. Interdomain Routing Basics .........................................
Overview of Routers and Routing .......................................
Routing Protocol Concepts ............................................
Segregating the World into Autonomous Systems .............................
Looking Ahead ...................................................
Frequently Asked Questions ...........................................
References ......................................................
84
84
87
91
98
98
99
5. Border Gateway Protocol Version 4 ...................................
How BGP Works .................................................
BGP Capabilities Negotiation .........................................
Multiprotocol Extensions for BGP ......................................
TCP MD5 Signature Option ..........................................
Looking Ahead ..................................................
Frequently Asked Questions ..........................................
References .....................................................
101
102
117
118
119
120
121
122
III: Effective Internet Routing Designs ..................................
123
6. Tuning BGP Capabilities ..........................................
Building Peer Sessions .............................................
Sources of Routing Updates ..........................................
Overlapping Protocols: Backdoors ......................................
The Routing Process Simplified .......................................
Controlling BGP Routes ............................................
Route Filtering and Attribute Manipulation ................................
BGP-4 Aggregation ...............................................
Looking Ahead ..................................................
Frequently Asked Questions ..........................................
References .....................................................
124
125
131
137
139
145
165
174
179
180
183
7. Redundancy, Symmetry, and Load Balancing ............................
Redundancy ....................................................
Symmetry ......................................................
Load Balancing ..................................................
Specific Scenarios: Designing Redundancy, Symmetry, and Load Balancing ..........
Looking Ahead ..................................................
Frequently Asked Questions ..........................................
References .....................................................
184
185
191
191
192
214
214
215
8. Controlling Routing Inside the Autonomous System ........................
Interaction of Non-BGP Routers with BGP Routers ..........................
BGP Policies Conflicting with Internal Defaults .............................
Policy Routing ...................................................
Looking Ahead ..................................................
Frequently Asked Questions ..........................................
216
216
218
225
229
230
9. Controlling Large-Scale Autonomous Systems ...........................
Route Reflectors .................................................
Confederations ...................................................
Controlling IGP Expansion ..........................................
Looking Ahead ..................................................
Frequently Asked Questions ..........................................
References .....................................................
232
232
242
246
252
252
254
10. Designing Stable Internets .........................................
Route Instabilities on the Internet ......................................
BGP Stability Features .............................................
Looking Ahead ..................................................
Frequently Asked Questions ..........................................
255
255
258
263
263
IV: Internet Routing Device Configuration ................................
265
11. Configuring Basic BGP Functions and Attributes ........................
Building Peering Sessions ...........................................
Route Filtering and Attribute Manipulation ................................
Peer Groups ....................................................
Sources of Routing Updates ..........................................
Overlapping Protocols: Backdoors ......................................
BGP Attributes ..................................................
BGP-4 Aggregation ...............................................
Looking Ahead ..................................................
266
267
271
280
282
289
290
302
319
12. Configuring Effective Internet Routing Policies ..........................
Redundancy, Symmetry, and Load Balancing ..............................
Following Defaults Inside an AS .......................................
Policy Routing ...................................................
Route Reflectors .................................................
Confederations ...................................................
Controlling Route and Cache Invalidation .................................
BGP Outbound Request Filter Capability .................................
Route Dampening .................................................
Looking Ahead ..................................................
320
321
347
361
364
367
372
378
379
383
V: Appendixes ...................................................
384
A. BGP Command Reference .........................................
385
B. References for Further Study .......................................
Interesting Organizations ............................................
Research and Education .............................................
Miscellaneous ...................................................
Books ........................................................
Internet Request For Comments .......................................
390
390
390
390
391
391
C. BGP Outbound Route Filter (ORF) ...................................
When to Use BGP ORF .............................................
Configuration ...................................................
EXEC Commands ................................................
Closing Remarks .................................................
394
394
394
396
397
D. Multiprotocol BGP (MBGP) ........................................
The Motivation Behind the New Command-Line Interface ......................
Organizing Command Groups in the New Configuration .......................
Peer Groups ....................................................
Route Maps .....................................................
Redistribution ...................................................
Route Reflector ..................................................
Aggregation ....................................................
List of BGP Commands .............................................
Upgrading to the AF Style ...........................................
398
398
399
403
404
405
407
407
408
409

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