Crowood - Vital Guide - Military Aircraft.pdf - Crowood Press - MiliFan

T.HE-

'~ILITARY

AIRCRAFT

- .,. . -.

GUIDE TO

_ ..

\ SECOND EDITION

FULLY REVISED. EXPANDED AND UPDATED

EDITOR: ROBERT HEWSON

THE

VITAL

·.GUIDE TO

MILITARY

AIRCRAFT

SECOND EDITION

FULLY REVISED, EXPANDED AND UPDATED

First published in the UK in 1994

Second edition published in'the UK in 2001 by Airlife Publishing Ltd

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book

is available from the B'ritish Library

EDITOR: ROBERT HEWSON

ISBN 1 84037 065 3

transmitted in any foml or by any means, electronic or mechanical

including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and

retrieval system, without permission from the Publisher in writing.

Compiled and designed by:

Robert Hewson

Printed in Hong Kong

Airlife Publishing Ltd

101 Longden Road, Shrewsbury, SY3 9EB, England

E-mail: airlife@airlifebooks.com

Website: www.airlifebooks.com

Airlife

England

United States

Transport/special missions aircraft

Romania

Advanced trainer/light attack aircraft

Beech (Raytheon) King Air

Avioane IAR-99 Soim

T he Beech Super King Air family of six- to 10-seat,

All ofthe US Army's Guardrail-configured RC-12s,

like this RC-12N, are festooned with antennas for

their communications intercept and jamming role.

R omania has a long tradition of aeronautical

This is Avioane's IAR 99 Soim demonstrator aircraft,

a capable, cost-effective trainer which makes

maximum use ofnew technology.

twin-turboprop business aircraft evolved from

the King Air 90 and King Air 100 to the Model 200

Super King Air, which first flew on 27 October

1972 (the 'Super' title was dropped from all King

Airs in 1996). The Model 200 was an enlarged,

more powerful derivative, with a T-tail, increased

wing span, extra fuel and improved pressurisation.

The Model 200 was rapidly adopted by all US

armed services, primarily as utility aircraft/light

transports, under the designation C-12. Variants

include the C-12A (Model A200 for the US Army,

USAF and Greece); UC-12B (Model A200C with

cargo door for USMC and USN; TC-12B (USN crew

trainers converted from C-12B); C-12C (with uprated

PT6A-41 engines for US Army, later US Customs

Service); C-12D (Model A200CT for US Army,

USAF); C-12E (USAF C-12As refitted with PT6A-42s);

C-12F (Operational Support Aircraft similar to

B200C for USAF, US Army and National Guard);

UC-12F (USN equivalent of PT6A-42-powered

C-12F); UC-12M (C-12F equivalent for USN); C-12R

(B200C for US Army). The designation C-12J has

been applied to a version of the Beech Model 1900

operated by the USAF and Army, while the C-12S

is a Model 350 operated by the US Army.

Other military operators of the (Super) King Air

include Argentina, Bolivia, Canada, Chile, Colombia

Ecuador, Egypt, Greece, Guatemala, Guyana,

Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Ivory Coast, Jamaica,

achievement, and it succeeded in maintaining

an independent aviation industry through the stag-

nant years of Communist control - which ended

with the 1989 'revolution' In 1975 the Institutul de

Aviatie (INAv) began work on what would become

the first aircraft to be designed and built completely

'in country', the IAR-99 basic jet trainer. The project

was formally launched in 1979, with the ambitious

aim of replacing the Aero L-39 Albatros in Eastern

European service. IAR-99 production was conducted

by Avioane Craiova, Romania's only builder of fixed-

wing military aircraft, which was founded (as IAv

Craiova) in February 1972.

The IAR 99 is a conventionally-configured low-wing,

single-engined trainer with a tandem seat layout. For

attack training it can be equipped with a ventral

GSh-23 23-mm gun pod, and has four underwing

hardpoints. The prototype first flew on 1 December

1985 and two flying development aircraft were

built. The first IAR-99 was equipped with a mix of

UK and French-supplied avionics, but the political

climate forced a change to less-sophisticated

Eastern systems from the second aircraft onwards.

The IAR 99 proved to be an extremely reliable

and user-friendly aircraft, with excellent handling

Japan (Model 350, local designation LR-2), Mexico,

Morocco, Pakistan, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden (local

designation Tp 101), Thailand, Turkey and

Venezuela. A radar-equipped maritime B200T patrol

version serves with Algeria, Peru and Uruguay.

The US Army operates battlefield signals intelli-

gence (Sigint) RC-12s, under the Guardrail

programme. Current versions include the RC-12D

Improved Guardrail V (Model A200CT, fitted with

AN/USD-9 remote-controlled communications inter-

cept system, associated antenna and wingtip pods);

RC-12G (increased weight version based on RC-12D);

RC-12H Guardrail Common Sensor (System -3),

increased weight version based on RC-12D; RC-12K

Guardrail Commons Sensor (System 4), developed

from RC-12H, also delivered to Israel; RC-12N

Guardrail Commons Sensor (System 1), developed

from RC-12K with new mission fit; RC-12P

Guardrail Commons Sensor (System 2), developed

from RC-12N; RC-12Q Direct Satellite Relay (relay

platform for RC-12P) The US Navy also operates

two RC-12M RANSAC range patrol aircraft.

qualities. Deliveries of an initial batch of 20 began

~ the Romanian air force in 1988. Beginning in

1990, Avioane tried to develop a series of improved

aircraft with Western avionics. An IAR 99 fitted

with Honeywell avionics first flew on 22 August

1990, while a second demonstrator fitted with

Collins systems flew on 7 November 1991. Avioane

next collaborated with IAI on another upgraded

version. This received the new designation IAR-l09

Swift and made its maiden flight on 2 December

1993 - but only a single example was built.

Since 1996 Avioane has been developing the

significantly enhanced IAR 99 Soim (falcon), in

conjunction with Elbit. This version incorporates

many of the advanced avionics systems applied to

the Romanian MiG-21 Lancer upgrade, developed

for the air force by Aerostar and Elbit, at Bacau.

These include a MIL-STD 1553B databus, Elbit

modular multi-role computer, Flight Visions HUD,

two cockpit colour MFDs, GPS/INS, integrated Elbit

chaff/flare dispenser and the Elbit DASH helmet-

mounted display system. In 1998 the Romanian air

force ordered 24 Soims for delivery by 2004 (with a

view to then upgrading its existing IAR 99s also),

and Avioane is actively offering the type on the

export market.

Sweden is one ofmany nations that operates the

versatile Model 200 Super King Air as a utility

transport, or for priority cargoes.

Romania's existing fleet ofbase-line IAR 99 trainers

may be upgraded to IAR 99 Soim standard, once

procurement of the new aircraft is complete.

Specification: Beech Re-12K

Powerplant: two 820-kW It,100-shp) Pratt &

Whitney Canada PT6A-41 turboprops

Dimensions: wing span 17.63 m(57 ft 10 in)

over ESM pods; length 13.34 m(43 ft 9 in);

height 457 m(15 ft 0 in)

Weights: empty 3327 kg (7,334 Ib); maximum

take-off 7348 kg (16,200 Ib); maximum payload

more than 1043 kg 12,300 lb)

Performance: maximum level speed at 4265

m114,000 ft) 481 kmh (299 mph); maximum

cruising speed at 9145 m(30,000 ft)438 kmh

(272 mphl; service ceiling 9420 m130,900 ftl;

take-off distance to 15 m(50 ft)869 m(2,850 It);

range at maximum cruising speed 2935 km

(1,824 milesl

Specification: Avioane JAR 99 Soim

Powerplant: one (17.79-kNI4,000·lb Rolls-

Royce (licence-built by Turbamecanica) Viper

632-41M Viper turbojet

Dimensions: wing span 9.85 m(32 ft 3 in);

length 11 m(36 ft 1inl; height 3.87 m(12 ft 9 inl

Weights: take-off, clean 4390 kg (9,680 Ibl;

maximum take-off 5572 kg 112,285 Ibl;

maximum payload 1000 kg (2,200 Ib)

Performance: maximum level speed 940 kmh

(585 mph); service ceiling 12903 m142,322 ft);

maximum mission radius 1100 km 1683 miles)

Armament: centreline point for podded

23-mm GSh-23 twin-barrelled cannon with 180

rounds, and up to 250 kg (550 Ib) of stores on

each of four underwing hard points

United States

Armed combat scout helicopter

United States, Canada

Tactical transport helicopters

Bell OH-58D Kiowa (Model 406)

Bell Model 205, 212 and 412

D erived from the Bell Model 204/UH-1 Iroquois,

I n March 1968 Bell's Model 206A JetRanger five-

These Kiowa Warriors are operated by the US Army's

1-7 CAV, based at Ft Hood, where they operate as

advance scouts for the 1st Cavalry Division.

This Turkish army UH-1H is typical ofthe huge

number of UH-1Hs that are still in military service

around the world.

the improved Model 205 was first flown in

August 1961. Retaining the existing T53 turbos haft,

it introduced a larger-diameter main rotor, additional

fuel capacity and a lengthened fuselage. Over

2,000 UH-1Ds were built for the US Army, followed

by the similar UH-1H, which introduced the uprated

T53-L-13 engine. A total of 2,008 UH-1 Ds and

3,573 UH-1 Hs were built for the US Army alone,

and the type was exported to over 50 countries.

With several thousand Model 205/UH-1 Hs still in

service, a number of companies offer modernisation

and upgrade programmes. Bell Helicopter has

developed the Huey II upgrade, which adds the

uprated T53-703 engine and a new transmission

system. The Huey II has been ordered by Colombia

and more sales in South America are likely. Other

UH-1 conversions include the Global Helicopter

Huey 800, which completely replaces the T53 with

an LHTEC T800-800 engine and UNC Helicopter's

UH-1/T700, which adds the GE noo engine.

The Model 212 'Twin Huey' is a twin-turbine

UH-1 H, fitted with two PT6T-3 turboshafts driving a

single shaft. Announced in May 1968, the 212 was

launched with a Canadian order for 50 CH-135 aircraft.

The USAF, USN and USMC acquired it as the UH-1N

seat light helicopter was ordered into production

for the US Army as the OH-58A Kiowa for the light

observation role. Deliveries began on 23 May 1969,

and over five years a total of 2,200 was procured.

Export customers comprised Australia (56 licence-

built Kalkadoons), Austria (12 OH-58Bs) and

Canada (74 COH-58As) From 1978, 585 OH-58As

were converted to improved OH-58C standard with

a flat glass canopy, an uprated engine with infra-red

suppression and improved avionics.

In 1981, the Bell Model 406 proposal was

selected as the winner of the US Army Helicopter

Improvement Program (AHIP) competition. This

new version, known as the OH-58D, introduced a

mast-mounted sight (housing a TV and IR sensor

with a laser designator/rangefinderl, a four-bladed

main rotor, defensive systems lincluding an IR jam-

mer and laser-warning system) specialised mission

avionics and new cockpit displays.

Initial plans to upgrade 592 US Army OH-58As to

OH-58D standard have been revised several times

and the current total stands at 424. The first OH-58D

conversions began in 1983. In 1987, 15 specially-

armed OH-58Ds were upgraded for Operation Prime

Chance. Based aboard US Navy vessels in the

Persian Gulf, they were used on clandestine

missions against Iranian fast-patrol boats, that were

harassing international oil tanker traffic. The deci-

sion was taken to add a permanent weapons fit to

and the Marines are now upgrading their aircraft to

UH-1Y standard (in parallel with the AH-1 Z Cobra

upgrade) The UH-1Y will be fitted with an all-new

four-bladed composite rotor system and new cock-

·p.it systems. Italy's Agusta has built the Bell 212

under licence as the AB 212, and also developed a

range of special missions versions. The most

important of these is the shore-/ship-based anti-

submarine variant, the AB 212ASW.

In 1978 Bell introduced the Model 412.

Essentially similar to the Model 212 it featured an

entirely new four-bladed main rotor system. The

Model 412 has been built by Agusta as the AB 412

and by Indonesia's IPTN as the NB 412. Developed

versions include the Model 412SP (Special

Performance) with extra fuel and increased maxi-

mum take-off weight; Model 412HP, with uprated

transmission; and the Model 412EP (Enhanced

Performance) powered by a refined PT6T-3D

engine and fitted with a three-axis digital flight con-

trol system. This is now the standard production

model. In 1992 Canada ordered 100 aircraft, based

on the Model 412EP, as the CH-148 Griffon.

Since 1986 all Bell helicopter production has

been undertaken in Mirabel, Quebec, by Bell

Helicopter Textron Canada.

all US OH-58Ds, becoming known as OH-58D(I)

Kiowa Warriors. All of the US Army's OH-58Ds

are now Kiowa Warriors, and feature with integrated

weapons pylon, uprated engine and transmission,

increased gross weight, RWR, IR jammer, laser

warning receiver, integrated avionics and a lighter

structure. Typical weapons include Hellfire missiles,

70-mm rockets and 0.50-in gun pods. Beginning in

May 1991, 192 new-build Kiowa warriors were

delivered to the US Army, and 25 Kiowa Warriors

have also been acquired by the Taiwanese army.

All US Kiowa Warriors have been further modified

modified to Multi-Purpose light Helicopter

(MPLH) standard, with squatting landing gear and

quick-folding rotor blades, fins and tails for rapid

redeployment by air

The Model 406CS Combat Scout is a lighter

and simplified export derivative of the OH-58D,

retaining the main rotor, tail rotor and transmission

and a similar powerplant. Fifteen TOW-capable

OH-58s were delivered from June 1990 onwards to

Saudi Arabia as MH-58Ds.

In British service the Model 412 is known as the

Griffin HT.Mk 1. The type serves with the tri-service

Defence Helicopter Flying School.

This Kiowa Warrior is armed with a versatile mix of

weapons, including an air-to-air Stinger missile

(starboard) and a Hellfire anti-tank missile (port).

Specification: OH-58D(I) Kiowa Warrior

Powerplant: one 485·kW (650·hp) Allison

250·C30R/3 (Tl03·AD·700) turboshalt

Dimensions: main rotor diameter 10.67 m

(35 It 0 inl; length overall, rotors turning 12.58 m

(42 It 2)1 in) and fuselage 1048 m(34 It 4){ in!;

height overall 3.93 m(12 It 10)1 in)

Weights: empty 1492 kg (3,289 Ibl; maximum

take·off 2495 kg (5,500 Ibl

Performance: maximum level speed 232 kmh

(144 mph); hovering ceiling more than 3660 m

(12,000 It) in ground effect and 3415 m(11,200 It)

out of ground effect; range 496 km 1308 milesl

Armament: 0.50·in gun pods, 70·mm rocket

pods, plus provision for Stinger AAMs and

Hellfire anti· armour missiles

SPECIFICATION: Bell 412EP

Powerplant: two 1342·kW (1 ,800·hpl Pratt &

Whitney Canada PT6T·3D Turbo Twin·Pac

turboshalts

Oimensions: main rotor diameter 14.02 m(46 It);

height, tail rotor turning 457 m(15 ft); length,

rotors turning 17.12 m(56 It 2 in)

Weights: empty, standard 3079 kg (6,789 Ibl;

maximum take·off 5397 kg (11,900 Ib);

maximum external hook load 2041 kg (4,500 Ib)

Performance: max cruising speed, at sea

level 226 kmh (140 mph); hovering ceiling, in

ground effect 3110 m(10,200 It) and 1585 m•

15,200 It) out of ground effect; maximum range,

with no reserves 745 km (463 milesl

United States

Multi-role combat helicopter

United States

Tilt-rotor tactical transport

Bell-Boeing V-22 Osprey

Bell AH-1 Cobra

B ell Helicopter Textron and Boeing Vertol joined

A Ppearing in 1965 as an 'interim' armed helicopter

The AH-1WSuperCobra is the US Marine Corps'

standard attack helicopter. Most surviving aircraft

will be upgraded to the advanced AH·1Z standard.

Under current plans the US Marine Corps hopes to

acquire 30 MV-228 Ospreys per year, from 2006/07

onwards, replacing elderly CH-46E helicopters.

escort; the Bell Model 209 HueyCobra was

derived from the UH-l, retaining its powerplant,

transmission and rotor, but introducing a new, slimmer

fuselage with the now-standard 'gunship' configuration

of stepped tandem cockpits. Bell produced some

1,100 AH-1Gs for US Army service in Vietnam.

The US Army's Cobra fleet underwent several

upgrades over its service life. In 1989 the designation

AH-1F was adopted for the final production-stan-

dard aircraft, grouping together the changes and

improvements adopted by the preceding AH-l P,

AH-1E and Modernised AH-1S Cobras. These aircraft

have a 'flat-plate' canopy, TOW sighting system

nose turret, exhaust suppressor and composite

main rotor blades with tapered tips. Primary armament

is four BGM-71 TOW missiles and a chin-mounted

M-197 20-mm cannon. Some AH-l Fs were upgraded

with the NTS/C-Nite sight, in place of the earlier day-

time-only M65 system.

The AH-1 has been largely replaced by the AH-64

in US service, but some are still active with ANG

and Reserve units. The AH-1 F was built under

licence in Japan by Fuji, and Bell AH-1 F/Ss have

been exported to Israel, Jordan, Pakistan, South

Korea, and Thailand and Turkey.

forces in the early 1980s to develop a larger

derivative of the XV-15 tilt-rotor demonstrator for

the Joint Services Advanced Vertical Lift Aircraft

(formerly JVX) programme. This effort was launched

by the US Army and then transferred to the Navy in

1983. Combining the vertical lift capabilities of a

helicopter with the faster forward flight efficiencies

of a fixed-wing aircraft, the resulting V-22 Osprey

(Bell Boeing Model 901) was awarded a full-scale

development contract in May 1986. It is powered

by two Allison T406 turboshafts driving three-bladed

'proprotors through interconnected drive shafts.

The wingtip-mounted engines, transmissions and

proprotors can tilt through 97° 30' between forward

flight and steep-descent or hovering flight. The

blades and wings can also be quickly folded for

stowage aboard aircraft carriers.

The first of five EMD prototypes flew on 19

March 1989 and the Osprey successfully demon-

strated airborne transition from helicopter to wing-

borne flight in September 1989. The fifth and final

prototype flew on 11 June 1991.

Initial requirements called for 913 Ospreys; 552

MV-22A assault transports for the USMC; 231 similar

variants for the US Army; 80 USAF CV-22As for

long-range special forces transport; and 50 HV-22As

for US Navy combat SAR, special warfare and fleet

logistic support missions. The US Navy also foresaw

a need for up to 300 SV-22A ASW versions.

Bell went on to develop a twin-engined version

of the AH-1, chiefly for the US Navy and Marine

Corps The first example, the AH-1J of 1970 led to

1977'sAH-H and then to the AH-1W SuperCobra

which the the only currently active variant. A total

~0t--194 AH-1 Ws were converted for the USMC from

existing AH-H airframes, between 1986 and 1998.

The 'Whisky Cobra' is powered by two nOO-GE-401

turboshafts, has a stretched fuselage and tail, and

distinctive bulged cheek fairings to accommodate

updated avionics. The AH-l W is the primary assault

helicopter in Marine Corps service and has been

exported to Taiwan (63) and Turkey (nine). Bell is

now offering an affordable 'multi-role' version of the'

AH-1W

During the 1990s plans for the Osprey changed

dramatically as the programme was cut-back, can-

celled, re-instated and cut back again. The USMC

requirement has dropped to 360 MV-22Bs, while

the Navy plans to acquire 48 C-SAR-configured

HV-22Bs in around 2010. All plans for US Army

Ospreys have been dropped and while the USAF

still has a notional requirement for 50 CV-22Bs,

these aircraft may yet be cancelled.

In May 1997 assembly began of the first production-

standard MV-22B. Thirty Ospreys have been ordered

into low-rate initial production and deliveries began

to the USMC in mid-1999. Marine Corps evaluation

of the Osprey (conducted by VMMT-204) was

blighted by several crashes. Two aircraft were lost

on 8 April 2000 (killing 19 Marines) while a third

crashed in December. The Nos 4 and 5 prototypes

were involved in earlier accidents in 1991/92. While

the crashes were not attributable to any inherent

design flaws all Ospreys were grounded, and the

future of the expensive and controversial aircraft

has been called into question once more.

with

all

guided

weapons

capability

removed, as the MH-1W.

The US Marines plan to upgrade 180 AH-1 Ws to

AH-1Z standard, by fitting a four-bladed main rotor,

uprated nOO-GE-401 engines, digital cockpit systems,

integrated helmet-mounted sight, AGM-114 Hellfire

missiles and an all-new Lockheed Martin Target

Sight System (with a laser designator) The first AH-1 Z

flew on 7 December 2000. Turkey plans to acquire

up to 145 similar aircraft, known as AH-1W

KingCobras, while another version of the AH-1 Z

has been offered to Australia as the ARH-1Z.

The Japan Ground Self-Defence Force acquired 80

AH-1S Cobras (equivalent to the US AH-1F) which

were built under licence by Fuji.

The V-22 has the ability to transition from vertical to

horizontal flight, thanks to its revolutionary, but

controversial, tilt-wing technology.

Specification: Bell Helicopter AH-1W

Powerplant: two 1285-kW (1 ,723-shp)

General Electric TlOO-GEA01 turboshalts

Dimensions: main rotor diameter 14.63 m

148 Itl; length overall, rotors turning 1768 m

(58 ItI and luselage 13.87 m(45 It 6 in); height

overall 4.44 rn (14 It 7 inl

Weights: empty 4953 kg (10,920 Ib); maximum

take-off 6691 kg (14,750 Ib)

Performance: maximum level speed 'clean' at

sea level 282 kmh 1175 mphl; service ceiling

4270 m(14,000 It); range 518 km (322 milesl

with standard luel

Armament: one chin-mounted M-197 three-

barrelled 20-mm cannon; maximum ordnance

790 kg 11,741 Ib)

Specilication: Bell/Boeing V-22 Osprey

Powerplant: two Allison T406-AO-400

turboshalts each rated at 4586 kW 16,150 shpl

Dimensions: rotor diameter, each 11.61 m

(38 It 1 in); wing span 15.52 m(50 It 11 in) incl.

nacelles; length, luselage excl. probe 17.47 m

(57 It 4 inl; height over lins 5.38 m(17 It 7% in)

Weights: empty equipped 14463 kg (31,886 Ibl;

max take-off 27442 kg (60,500 Ib); max int.

payload 9072 kg (20,000 Ibl; max ext. payload

6804 kg (15,000 Ib)

Performance: maximum cruising speed

185 kmh (115 mph) in helicopter mode and

509 kmh (316 mphl in aeroplane mode; service

ceiling 7925 m(26,000 It); assault range

953 km (592 miles)

Crowood - Vital Guide - Military Aircraft.pdf

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