1959 US Army Vietnam War Terrain Intelligence 270p.pdf

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DEPARTMENT
OF THE ARMY
FIELD
MANUAL
TERRAIN
INTELLIGENCE
HEADQUARTERS,
DEPARTMENT
OF
THE -ARIMY'
OCTOBER 1959
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FM 30-10
HEADQUARTERS,
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
WASIINQhTON 25, D.C., 28 October 1959
FIELD MANUAL
No. 30-10
I
TERRAIN INTELLIGENCE
PART ONE.
CHAPTER 1.
2.
NATURE OF TERRAIN INTELLIGENCE
Paragraphs
GENERAL
.-..................
1-3
INTRODUCTION
TO TERRAIN INTELLI-
GENCE
Nature of terrain intelligence-.............
Section I.
IL
CHAPTER 3.
4-8
Responsibilities for terrain intelligence -
9-12
PRODUCTION
OF
TERRAIN
INTELLI-
GENCE
Intelligence cycle .-....................
Section I.
II.
CHAPTER 4.
Section I.
II.
III.
IV.
PART TWO.
13-17
Sources and agencies .-................
18-23
TERRAIN STUDIES
General -.....................
24 29
.
30-32
Basic components of terrain and climate -------
Describing military aspects of terrain-
.
33-43
......
Coastal hydrography-................
44,45
BASIC ELEMENTS OF TERRAIN INFOR-
MATION
WEATHER AND CLIMATE
Weather -...............................
CHAPTER 5.
Section I.
II.
III.
CHAPTER 6.
Section I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
CHAPTER 7.
Section I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
-VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
CHAPTER 8.
Section I.
II.
III.
46-57
Climate-............................
58-64
Operational aspects of extreme climates -
.
65-67
..
NATURAL TERRAIN FEATURES
General -.........
68, 69
Landforms
--.---------------. 70-77
Drainage-.........................
.---
78-85
Nearshore oceanography -----------------
86-91
Surface materials-.........................
92, 93
Vegetation
.-.............................
94-100
MANMADE TERRAIN FEATURES
General -----------------.------- 101, 102
Routes of communication ---------.-------- 103-107
Petroleum and natural gas installations --------- 108-111
Mines, quarries, and pits
-
-112,
113
Airfields
..............--..........
114-116
Water terminals ------------------------
- 117-119
Hydraulic structures -------------------
120-122
-
Buildings and urban areas
..........
123-125
Nonurban areas
...........--
.........
126-128
MILITARY ASPECTS OF THE TERRAIN
General
..........
129-134
Special operations
135, 136
-
Water supply
137-142
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Page
APPENDIX I. REFERENCES ---------------------
-
------
-
214
II. CHECKLIST FOR TERRAIN STUDIES ----------
216
III. OUTLINE FOR TERRAIN STUDIES
........
218
IV. SAMPLE TERRAIN STUDY ----------------
---
-
221
V. SAMPLE CLIMATIC STUDY
..........--
--.
230
VI. NATURAL TERRAIN FEATURES -----------
-
241
-
-
243
GLOSSARY
-
INDEX
-------.---------
--
253
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PART ONE
NATURE OF TERRAIN INTELLIGENCE
CHAPTER 1
GENERAL
1. Purpose
This manual explains how terrain intelligence is produced. It is
designed as a reference and training text for all personnel engaged
in the production of terrain studies. This manual also serves as a
guide for commanders and their staffs in understanding the purpose,
scope, capabilities, limitations, and applications of terrain analysis.
2. Scope
This manual serves as a specific guide in all phases of the produc-
tion and use of terrain intelligence. It defines terrain intelligence
and explains the intelligence process of collection, evaluation, inter-
pretation of information, and dissemination of the finished intelligence
as this procedure applies to the terrain. It explains the relationship
of the terrain study, produced by the engineer, to the terrain estimate,
derived from it by Assistant Chief of Staff, Intelligence, (G2).
Sources of information are discussed, including their relative value
and the manner of their exploitation. Detailed instruction is given
on the description of terrain features and on the analysis of individual
features and overall terrain in terms of their military characteristics.
Guidance is furnished on current doctrine for the preparation of the
terrain study and its component parts, such as the cross-country
movement map. The material presented herein is applicable without
modification to both nuclear and nonnuclear warfare.
3. Relation to Other Manuals
The material presented in this manual is closely related to FM
5-30, FM 30-5, and TM 5-545. Other manuals of the FM 30-series
cover specialized intelligence activities. FM's 100-5, 100-15, and
101-5 cover intelligence in general staff activities and in the plans
and operations of large units. Manuals of the 5-series contain de-
tailed information concerning the operation of engineer troop units
and their intelligence agencies.
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CHAPTER 2
INTRODUCTION
TO TERRAIN INTELLIGENCE
Section I. NATURE OF TERRAIN INTELLIGENCE
4. Definitions
a. Terrain is an area considered as to its extent, and manmade and
natural features in relation to its use for military operations.
b. Terrain intelligence is processed information on the militarily
significant natural and manmade characteristics of an area.
c. Terrain analysis is the process of interpreting a geographical
area to determine the effect of the natural and manmade features on
military operations. This includes the influence of weather and cli-
mate on those features.
d. A terrain study is an intelligence product which presents an
analysis and interpretation of the natural and manmade features of
an area and their effects on military operations, and the effects of
weather and climate on these features.
e. A terrain estimate is that portion of an analysis of the area of
operations which concerns the description of the terrain, the military
aspects of the terrain, and the effects of the characteristics of terrain
on enemy and friendly courses of action, including their influence on
the response to nuclear weapon effects.
5. Purpose of Terrain Intelligence
a. The purpose of all intelligence is to obtain data about the enemy,
terrain, weather, and climate, thereby assisting the commander in
making sound decisions and the troops in executing their missions.
Terrain intelligence tends to remove uncertainties regarding the effects
of climate, weather, and terrain upon a contemplated operation. In
planning an operation, the commander and his staff analyze the
effects that the terrain and weather conditions will have upon the
activities of both friendly and enemy forces.
b. The commander must make the most effective use of the terrain
assigned to his unit. If he is furnished with adequate terrain intelli-
gence, he will be able to exploit the advantages of the terrain and
avoid or minimize its unfavorable aspects. By the proper employ-
ment of terrain, a numerically inferior force may achieve combat
superiority over a larger enemy force.
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