Dictionary_of_Biochemistry_and_Molecular_Biology.pdf

BIOCHEMISTRY AND

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Second Edition

J. STENESH

Professor of Chemistry

Western Michigan University

WILEY

A WlLEY-INTERSCIENCE PUBLICATION

JOHN WILEY & SONS

New York / Chichester / Brisbane / Toronto / Singapore

DICTIONARY OF

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Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data:

Stenesh, J., 1927-

Dictionary of biochemistry and molecular biology / J. Stenesh. —

2nd ed.

p. cm.

Rev. ed. of: Dictionary of biochemistry, 1975.

"A Wiley-Interscience publication."

Bibliography: p.

ISBN 0-471-84089-0

1. Biochemistry—Dictionaries. 2. Molecular biology—

—Dictionaries. I. Stenesh, J., 1927- Dictionary of biochemistry.

II. Title.

QP512.S73 1989

574.19'2'0321-dcl9

88-38561

CIP

Printed in the United States of America

10 9 8 7 6 5 4

PREFACE

This dictionary, first published in 1975, was writ-

ten to provide scientists and students in the life

sciences with a reference work on the termino-

logy of biochemistry and molecular biology. The

expansion of knowledge in these areas created

the need for an extensive revision of the first

edition. All of the original entries were checked

and reworked, if necessary, in view of new in-

formation. This second edition contains approx-

imately 16,000 entries, of which some 4,CKK) are

new, representing an increase of about 30%

over that of the first edition. The source mate-

rial consulted for revision of existing terms and

for addition of new terms consisted of over 300

textbooks and reference books of various kinds

and of over 600 journal articles from the re-

search literature, all of which have been pub-

lished since 1975. All told, the dictionary entries

are drawn from over 500 books and 1,000 art-

icles, including the recommendations of the

Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature of

the International Union of Pure and Applied

Chemistry and the International Union of

Biochemistry. Throughout, an effort has been

made to include terms recently introduced into

the biochemical literature and to exclude obso-

lete ones, except for a few of historical interest.

The terminology of biochemistry has a num-

ber of characteristics that influenced the selec-

tion of entries. One of these is the extensive use

of terms from other sciences, since biochemis-

try, by its very nature, draws heavily on allied

sciences. For this reason, many terms from such

sciences as chemistry, immunology, genetics,

virology, biophysics, and microbiology have

been included in the dictionary. A second char-

acteristic is the widespread use of abbreviations,

both standard and nonstandard. Many of these

are included to aid the reader of biochemical

literature and to provide for the likelihood that

some of the nonstandard abbreviations will be-

come standard ones in the future. A third

characteristic is the extensive use of synony-

mous expressions, frequently differing from each

other only by minor variations. Since the syn-

onymous nature of one expression to another

may not always be apparent to the reader, prin-

cipal synonymous expressions are included and

cross-referenced. A fourth characteristic is the

widespread use of jargon, especially in the area

of molecular biology. While some of these terms

may subsequently drop out of usage, others will

end up becoming part of the standard termino-

logy. For this reason, a large number of such

expressions that are currently used in biochemis-

try and molecular biology have been included in

this dictionary.

This second edition differs from the first in

two important aspects. One change involves the

names of specific compounds and other sub-

stances. The number of such entries included in

the dictionary has been substantially enlarged.

At the same time, however, no attempt was

made to be exhaustive in this respect.

The second change involves the scope of the

definitions. While the concise nature of the de-

finitions of the first edition has by and large

been maintained, an effort has been made to

provide some additional information when this

was considered useful. Thus, many terms, both

original and new ones, have been defined in a

slightly expanded fashion. In some cases, even

lengthier definitions were deemed desirable.

This was the case, for example, for many of

the physical-chemical techniques, hypotheses,

theories, and models used in modern biochemis-

try, for which a brief definition would fail to

convey the essence of the term to the reader and

would fail to distinguish it clearly from other,

related terms. In all cases, however, a compre-

hensive, encyclopedic treatment was purposely

avoided.

I would like to thank Dr. Mary Conway,

Margery Carazzone, and Diana Cisek, my edi-

tors at Wiley, for their cooperation and helpful

suggestions; Michele McCarville, Connie Gray,

and Linda Thayer for their typing of the manu-

script; and my wife, Mabel, and my sons, Ilan

and Oron, for their understanding and support

during the prolonged and time-consuming work

on this book.

J. STENESH

Kalamazoo, Michigan

May 1989

EXPLANATORY NOTES

Arrangement of Entries The entries are

arranged in alphabetical order, letter by letter;

thus "acidimetry" precedes "acid number," and

"waterfall sequence" precedes "water hydrate

model." Identical alphabetical listings are en-

tered so that lowercase letters precede capital

ones and subscripts precede superscripts.

Chemical prefixes, in either abbreviated or

unabbreviated form, are disregarded in alpha-

betizing when they are used in the ordinary

sense of denoting structure of organic com-

pounds. These include ortho-, meta-, para-,

alpha-, beta-, gamma-, delta-, cw-, trans-, N-,

O-, and 5-. Such prefixes are, however, included

in alphabetizing when they form integral parts of

entries and are used in ways other than for the

indication of structure of organic compounds, as

in "alpha helix," "beta configuration," and "N-

terminal." The prefixes mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-,

and poly-, which form integral parts of entries,

are included in alphabetizing, as in "mono-

glyceride" and "tetrahydrofolic acid."

All numbers are disregarded in alphabetizing;

these include numbers denoting chemical struc-

ture, as in "glucose-6-phosphate dehydro-

genase" and "5-HT," and numbers used for

other purposes, as in "factor IV" and "S-IOO

fraction."

The letters D and L, denoting configuration,

are omitted from names of terms as entered and

are usually omitted from the definitions them-

selves.

Form of Entries All entries are direct entries

so that, for example, "first law of cancer bioche-

mistry" is entered as such and not as "cancer

biochemistry, first law of." The entries are

generally in the singular, with the plural indi-

cated only when considered necessary. When

several parts of speech of a term are in use, the

term is generally entered in the noun form, and

other parts of speech are entered only to the

extent deemed useful. The different meanings of

a term are numbered, chemical formulas are

generally omitted, and the spelling is American.

Cross References Four types of cross-

references are used in this dictionary; they are

indicated by the use of see, aka, see also, all in

italics, and by the use of words in small capital

letters. The word see is used either in a directive

sense, as in "coat— see spore coat; viral coat"

and "hereditary code— see genetic code," or to

indicate that the term is defined within the de-

finition of another, separately entered term, as

in "Eo— see standard electrode potential" and

"MIH— see melanocyte-stimulating hormone

regulatory hormone." The abbreviation aka

(also known as) is used at the end of a definition

to indicate expressions that are synonymous to

the entry; principal synonymous expressions are

entered separately in the text. The phrase see

also is used at the end of a definition where it is

considered useful to point out to the reader

comparable, contrasting, or other kinds of re-

lated entries. Small capital letters are used to

indicate an expression that is synonymous to the

entry and that is defined in its alphabetical place

in the book. Thus, the definition of the entry

"amphiphilic" by the word "AMPHIPATHIC," and

the definition of the entry "pentose oxidation

cycle" by the term "HEXOSE MONOPHOSPHATE

SHUNT" indicate that the terms in small capital

letters are expressions that are synonymous to

the entries and that are themselves defined in

their appropriate alphabetical places in the text.

Abbreviations and Symbols The following

standard abbreviations and symbols are used in

this dictionary:

ampere

angstrom unit

abbr

abbreviation

adj

adjective

adv

adverb

aka

also known as

atm

degree Celsius

cal

calorie

cubic centimeter

candela

centimeter

cps

cycles per second

deg

degree

decimeter

e.g.

for example

esu

electrostatic unit

gram

i.e.

that is

joule

kcal

kilocalorie

kilogram

liter

pound

lumen

0 C

atmosphere

meter

used in this dictionary. For completeness, the

entire Greek alphabet is listed below:

Capital

milligram

min

minute

Lowercase Name

milliliter

millimeter

alpha

mol

mole

beta

molecular weight

gamma

noun

8, d

delta

nanometer

epsilon

plural

zeta

rpm

revolutions per minute

eta

second

0,tf

theta

sing

singular

iota

sym

symbol

kappa

verb

lambda

var sp

variant spelling

percent

|ji

micro

omicron

ohm

rho

or, s

sigma

tau

Abbreviations such as "DNA," "E. coli," and

"mRNA" are used in the text of definitions only

if the abbreviations themselves are defined at

their appropriate places in the dictionary. Unde-

fined abbreviations are not used in this book.

Various letters of the Greek alphabet are also

upsilon

<f>

<£

phi

chi

psi

omega

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