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Encyclopedia of War Crimes and Genocide
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Encyclopedia of
war crimes
and genocide
Leslie Alan Horvitz and Christopher Catherwood
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Encyclopedia of War Crimes and Genocide
Copyright © 2006 by Leslie Alan Horvitz and Christopher Catherwood
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or
by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any
information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the
publisher. For information contact:
Facts On File, Inc.
An imprint of Infobase Publishing
132 West 31st Street
New York NY 10001
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Horvitz, Leslie Alan.
Encyclopedia of war crimes and genocide / Leslie Alan Horvitz
and Christopher Catherwood.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8160-6001-0 (hardcover : alk. paper)
1. Genocide—Encyclopedias. 2. War crimes—Encyclopedias. 3. Human rights—
Encyclopedias. 4. Racism—Encyclopedias. 5. Geopolitics—Encyclopedias.
I. Catherwood, Christopher. II. Title.
HV6322.7.H67 2006
364.1’1’38’03—dc222005014961
Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk
quantities for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions. Please call our
Special Sales Department in New York at (212) 967-8800 or (800) 322-8755.
You can find Facts On File on the World Wide Web at http://www.factsonfile.com
Text design by Joan M. McEvoy
Cover design by Cathy Rincon
Printed in the United States of America
VB Hermitage 10 9 87654321
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
 
H
Contents
LIST OF ENTRIES
iv
INTRODUCTION
viii
ENTRIES A TO Z
1
LIST OF APPENDICES
489
PRIMARY DOCUMENTS
490
RESOURCES
544
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
551
INDEX
563
 
List of Entries
H
Aboriginals (Australia),
mistreatment of
Aceh, war crimes in
Acosta, Jorge Eduardo
act of war
Additional Protocols
to the Geneva
Conventions
Afghanistan, human rights
violations in
aggression
Albania, human rights
violations in
Algeria, human rights
violations in
Alien Tort Claims Act
American Convention on
Human Rights
Amherst, Jeffrey Amherst,
first baron
Amin, Idi
amnesty
Amnesty International
Angola, war crimes in
Anti-Terrorism, Crime and
Security Act
apartheid
Arbour, Louise
Argentina, human rights
violations in
Argentine Anticommunist
Alliance
Arkan
Armenia, human rights
violations in
Armenian genocide
arms, trafficking in and
control mechanisms
Article 3 Common to the
Geneva Conventions
asylum, political
Aung San Suu Kyi
Australia, human rights
violations in
Azerbaijan, human rights
violations in
Babi Yar
Bahrain, human rights
violations in
Bangladesh, human rights
violations in
Barbie, Klaus
Bashir, Abu Bakar
Basson, Wouter
Belarus, human rights
violations in
Belgian war crimes tribunal
belligerent status
Benenson, Peter
Berbers, human rights
abuses of
Bhutan, human rights
violations in
Biafra, war crimes in
biological weapons
Bokassa, Jean-Bédel
Bolivia, human rights
violations in
Bormann, Martin
Bosnia and Herzegovina,
human rights violations
in
Bousquet, René
Brandt, Karl
Brazil, human rights
violations in
Brunner, Alois
Bulgaria, human rights
violations in
Bunche, Ralph
Burkina Faso, human rights
violations in
Burundi, war crimes in
Cambodia, human rights
violations in
Cambodia, war crimes in
Cambodian Genocide
Program
Cameroon, human rights
violations in
carpet bombing
Carter Center, The
Cavallo, Ricardo Miguel
Ceausescu, Nicolae
Chad, human rights
violations in
Chechnya, war crimes in
chemical weapons
children’s rights
Chile, human rights
violations in
China, human rights
violations in
Choeun, Chhit (Ta Mok)
CIA war crimes archives
civilian immunity
Clark, Ramsey
Clauberg, Carl
collateral damage
collective punishment
Colombia, human rights
violations in
combatants, rights of
comfort women
Committee to Protect
Journalists
Comoros, human rights
violations in
concentration camps
conflict diamonds
Congo (Brazzaville), human
rights violations in
Congo, Democratic
Republic of the, war
crimes in
Contreras, Manuel
Convention against Torture
Convention on Prohibitions
or Restrictions on the
Use of Certain
Conventional
Weapons . . .
Convention on the
Prohibition of the Use,
Stockpiling, Production
and Transfer of Anti-
Personnel Mines and on
Their Destruction
Convention on the Rights
of the Child
Convention Relating to the
Status of Refugees
crimes against humanity
Crimes of War Project
iv
 
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