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TC 21-3
SOLDIER’S HANDBOOK FOR
INDIVIDUAL OPERATIONS
AND SURVIVAL IN
COLD-WEATHER AREAS
MARCH 1986
HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
*TC 21-3
TRAINING CIRCULAR
No. 21-3
HEADQUARTERS
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
Washington, DC, 17 March 1986
SOLDIER'S HANDBOOK FOR INDIVIDUAL OPERATIONS AND
SURVIVAL IN COLD-WEATHER AREAS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE.
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION TO COLD-WEATHER OPERATIONS
1-1. Cold Conditions
1-1
1-2. Effects of Cold Weather on Military Operations
1-1
1-3. Overcoming the Cold
1-2
1-4. Positive Leadership and the Right Attitude
1-3
CHAPTER 2. PERSONAL CLOTHING AND EQUIPMENT
2-1. Individual Clothing
2-1
2-2. Cold-Wet Versus Cold-Dry
2-2
2-3. The Cold-Weather Uniform
2-3
2-4. Extended Cold-Weather Clothing System (ECWCS) (TEST)
2-5
2-5. Tips on Wear and Maintenance of Clothing
2-6
2-6. Cold-Weather Equipment
2-6
2-7. Load-Carrying Equipment
2-8
2-8. Over-the-Snow Movement Equipment
2-9
2-9. Miscellaneous Equipment
2-11
CHAPTER 3. TENTS AND HEATING EQUIPMENT
3-1. General
3-1
3-2. Tent Group Equipment
3-1
3-3. AHKIO
3-2
3-4. Packing
3-2
3-5. Ten-Man Arctic Tent
3-2
3-6. Building Arctic Tents
3-3
3-7. Instructions for Pitching Tents
3-4
3-8. Yukon Stove
3-5
3-9. Precautions
3-6
3-10. Squad Stove M1950
3-7
* This publication supersedes TC 21-3, 30 September 1974.
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TC 21-3
CHAPTER 4. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION
4-1. General
4-1
4-2. Care, Cleaning, and Maintenance
4-1
CHAPTER 5. RATIONS AND DIET
5-1. General
5-1
5-2. Rations
5-1
5-3. Liquids
5-1
CHAPTER 6. HYGIENE AND FIRST AID
6-1. General
6-1
6-2. Hygiene Tips for the Soldier
6-1
6-3. Hypothermia
6-2
6-4. Frostbite
6-3
6-5. Dehydration
6-5
6-6. Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
6-6
6-7. Prevention
6-7
6-8. Sunburn
6-8
6-9. Tent Eye
6-8
6-10. Trench Foot/Immersion Foot
6-8
6-11. Constipation
6-9
6-12. Diarrhea
6-9
6-13. Heat Cramps
6-9
6-14. Heat Exhaustion
6-10
CHAPTER 7. BIVOUAC ROUTINE
7-1. General
7-1
7-2. Bivouac Site
7-1
7-3. Site Selection
7-1
7-4. Reconnaissance of Bivouac Site
7-3
7-5. Trail Plan
7-3
7-6. Occupation
7-4
7-7. Bough-Cutting Areas
7-4
7-8. Garbage
7-4
7-9. Latrine
7-4
7-10. Water Points and Snow Areas
7-5
7-11. Storage
7-5
CHAPTER 8. INDIVIDUAL MOVEMENT
8-1. General
8-1
8-2. Skis
8-1
8-3. Snowshoes
8-1
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TC 21-3
CHAPTER 9. LAND NAVIGATION
9-1. General
9-1
9-2. Skis
9-1
9-4. Distance and Direction
9-1
9-5. Measuring Distances
9-2
9-6. Determining Direction
9-2
9-7. Navigation by Dead Reckoning
9-4
9-8. Hints for the Navigator
9-5
CHAPTER 10. SURVIVAL
10-1. General
10-1
10-2. Action When Lost
10-1
10-3. Improvised Shelters
10-2
10-4. Food
10-8
10-5. Useful Knots
10-12
APPENDIX A. WIND CHILL
A-1
APPENDIX B. APPROXIMATE MEASUREMENT CONVERSION FACTORS
B-1
APPENDIX C. VISUAL EMERGENCY SIGNALS
C-1
REFERENCES
References-1
GLOSSARY
Glossary-1
iii
TC 21-3
PREFACE
This handbook is an aid for soldiers in cold climates. However, expertise in dealing with
cold-weather operations cannot be gained just from reading this handbook. To develop
successful cold-weather field techniques, application training and operational experience
are necessary. Additional information is available in FM 31-70, FM 31-71, FM 90-11
(TBP), and FM 9-207.
Military history of operations in northern areas shows that man's success or failure is
measured by his regard for the dominant characteristics of a cold-weather environment.
For a soldier to become a cold-weather expert, he must learn the techniques and rules
needed to fight and live in a cold-weather climate.
The proponent of this publication is HQ TRADOC. Submit changes for improving this
publication on DA Form 2028 (Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank
Forms) and forward it to Commandant, US Army Infantry School, ATTN: ATSH-B, Fort
Benning, Georgia 31905-5593.
Unless otherwise stated, whenever the masculine gender is used, both men and women
are included.
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