1989-10.pdf

HEWLETT- PACKARD

OCTOBER 1SB9

HEWLETT

PACKARD

HEWLETT- PACKARD

_i â€” u

October 1989 Volume 40 â€¢ Number 5

Articles

40 Years of Chronicling Technical Achievement, by Charles L Leaf/?

A Modular Family of High-Performance Signal Generators, by Michael D. McNamee

and David L. Platt

Firmware Development for Modular Instrumentation, by Kerwin D. Kanago, Mark A.

Stambaugh, and Brian D. Watkins

RF Signal Generator Single-Loop Frequency Synthesis, Phase Noise Reduction,

and Frequency Modulation, by Brad E. Andersen and Earl C. Herleikson

28 Fractional-N Synthesis Module

30 Delay Line Discriminators and Frequency-Locked Loops

34 Design Barton in a Fast Hopping Voltage-Controlled Oscillator, by Barton

L. McJunkin and David M. Hoover

O "T High-Spectral-Purity Frequency Synthesis in a Microwave Signal Generator, by

O / James B. Summers and Douglas R. Snook

Microwave Signal Generator Output System Design, by Steve R. Fried, Keith L. Fries,

and John M. Sims

44 "Packageless Microcircuits"

51 Design and a High-Performance Pulse Modulation System, by Douglas R. Snook and

G. Stephen Curtis

59 Reducing Radiated Emissions in the Performance Signal Generator Family, by Larry

R. Wright and Donald T. Borowski

Editor, Richard P. Dolan â€¢ Associate Editor, Charles L Leath â€¢ Assistant Editor, Hans A. Toepfer â€¢ Art Director, Photographer, Arvid A, Danielson

Support European Susan E. Wright â€¢ Administrative Services, Typography, Anne S. LoPresti â€¢ European Production Supervisor, Sonja Wirth

Â© Hewlett-Packard Company 1989 Printed in U.S.A.

2 HEWLETT-PACKARD JOURNAL OCTOBER 1989

"N Q Processing and Passivation Techniques for Fabrication of High-Speed InP/lnGaAs

InP Mesa Photodetectors, by Susan R. Sloan

76 Providing Programmers with a Driver Debug Technique, by Eve M. Tanner

78 HP-UX Object Module Structure

79 Identifying Useful HP-UX Debug Records

Solder Keely Inspection Using Laser Doppler Vibrometry, by Catherine A. Keely

82 Laser Doppler Vibrometry

86 A Model Architec HP-UX Shared Libraries Using Shared Memory on HP Precision Architec

ture Computers, by Anastasia M. Martelli

User-Centered Application Definition: A Methodology and Case Study, by Lucy M.

7 U Berlin

92 Interviewing Techniques

95 Storyboarding Techniques

98 Partially Reflective Light Guides for Optoelectronics Applications, by Carolyn F.

Jones

Departments

4 In this Issue

5 Cover

5 What's Ahead

66 Authors

85 Correction

OCTOBER 1989 HEWLETT-PACKARD JOURNALS

In this Issue The first issue of the HP Journal was published in September 1949, so this

issue, publi 1989, is the first of the HP Journal's forty-first year of publi

cation. (However, because of a 1978 change, Volume 41 doesn't begin until

February 1 990.) Coincidentally, the Hewlett-Packard Company is celebrating

its fiftieth anniversary this year. To Associate Editor Chuck Leath, this double

milestone â€” 40 years of the HP Journal and 50 years of HP â€” fairly cried out

for recognition, so he has assembled a special commemorative article to

mark the occasion. The article, which begins on page 6, traces the develop

ment of HP technology as reported in the pages of the HP Journal.

As signal generator designers at HP's Spokane Division saw things, general-purpose signal

generators were delivering a lot of capability to the customer â€” so much, in fact, that few users

needed offering of it and were therefore paying for features they never used. On the other hand, offering

a different product for each application could mean the loss of manufacturing economies and

therefore higher prices. Their solution is a new family of internally modular signal generators.

While production allow customers to buy only as much capability as they need, production economies

are retained by using a lot of the same hardware and firmware in all of the members of the family.

Called 8644A Performance Signal Generators (PSG), the family includes the HP 8644A 1-GHz or

2-GHz Synthesized Signal Generator, the HP 8645A 1-GHz or 2-GHz Agile Signal Generator,

and the HP 8665A 4.2-GHz Synthesized Signal Generator. The HP 8644A is designed with

traditional out-of-channel transceiver test applications in mind, and the HP 8645A is focused on

frequency agile transceiver testing. The HP 8665A is designed for radar, telemetry, spurious

testing managers UHF transceivers, and similar applications. On page 14, two PSG R&D project managers

give an overview of the family and the basic design, which differs from previous microwave

synthesized signal generators in that it uses only a single phase-locked loop instead of the multiple

loops common in earlier designs. An advanced fractional divider makes the simplification possible.

Supplementing the single-loop design are a new method of introducing frequency modulation and

one or reduction. optional frequency-locked loops for additional phase noise reduction. Details of the

synthesis, FM, and noise reduction techniques are in the article on page 27. How fast frequency

hopping, page capability of the HP 8645A, influenced its design is explained in the article on page

34. The output, on pages 37, 42, and 51 cover the design of the HP 8665A synthesis, output,

and pulse modulation systems. Firmware design for the three instruments is treated in the article

on page article and RFI (radio frequency interference) reduction is the subject of the article on page

59. A the simple and quick RFI test turns out to be one of the most difficult to pass â€” it

consists of placing a pager next to the signal generator and noting whether it detects anything.

The Hewlett-Packard Journal is published bimonthly by the Hewlett-Packard Company to recognize technical contributions made by Hewlett-Packard (HP) personnel. While

the information of in this publication is believed to be accurate, the Hewlett-Packard Company makes no warranties, express or implied, as to the accuracy or reliability of

such information. The Hewlett-Packard Company disclaims all warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose and all obligations and liabilities for damages,

including but not limited to indirect, special, or consequential damages, attorney's and expert's fees, and court costs, arising out of or in connection with this publication.

Subscriptions: non-HP Hewlett-Packard Journal is distributed free of charge to HP research, design, and manufacturing engineering personnel, as well as to qualified non-HP

individuals, business and educational institutions. Please address subscription or change of address requests on printed letterhead (or include a business card) to the HP address

on the please cover that is closest to you. When submitting a change of address, please include your zip or postal code and a copy of your old label.

Submissions: research articles in the Hewlett-Packard Journal are primarily authored by HP employees, articles from non-HP authors dealing with HP-related research or

solutions contact technical problems made possible by using HP equipment are also considered for publication. Please contact the Editor before submitting such articles. Also, the

Hewlett-Packard should encourages technical discussions of the topics presented in recent articles and may publish letters expected to be of interest to readers. Letters should

be brief, and are subject to editing by HP.

are not the used, displayed, or distributed for commercial advantage; 2) the H ewiett- Packard Company copyright notice and the title of the publication and date appear on

the copies; Otherwise, be a notice stating that the copying is by permission of the Hewlett-Packard Company appears on the copies. Otherwise, no portion of this publication may be

produced recording, information in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage retrieval system without written

permission of the Hewlett-Packard Company.

Please Journal, inquiries, submissions, and requests to: Editor, Hewlett-Packard Journal, 3200 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, U.S.A.

4 HEWLETT-PACKARD JOURNAL OCTOBER 1989

Hewlett-Packard's first Technical Women's Conference was held in October 1988. The confer

ence was HP to showcase the achievements and contributions of technical women at HP

and to Approximately their professional development into leadership roles. Approximately 400 HP women

engineers and scientists and their managers attended the conference. Many section and Division

managers presen as speakers and panel discussion leaders. Topics of the technical presen

tations and hardware, software, computers, instruments, manufacturing, components, and

other issue. Papers based on six of the presentations appear in this issue. On page 69, Susan

Sloan determine the Microwave Technology Division reports on work done to determine the best method

of surface preparation and passivation for low-dark-current photodetectors for use in HP lightwave

receivers. Among the requirements for these photodiodes are maximum dark currents of a few

nanoamperes and good response to modulation frequencies beyond 22 GHz. On page 76, Eve

Tanner can be Personal Computer group tells how a useful symbolic debugging capability can be

given to programmers developing drivers to run under the HP-UX operating system when the

HP-UX source code is not available. The technique takes advantage of available compiler infor

mation 81, insert HP-UX global data records into the user's file. On page 81, Cathy Keely of HP

Laboratories describes an experimental laser-based method of finding bad solder joints on surface

mount components. Vibrations induced in the leads by an air jet are detected and analyzed by

laser Doppler vibrometry. On page 86, Stacy Marteili of the General Systems Division discusses

a model for HP-UX shared libraries that was developed to provide shared library capability to

users system a The software package in the absence of operating system support for them. The

model required only minor changes to the HP-UX linker. On page 90, Lucy Berlin of HP Laboratories

describes a methodology for systematically acquiring and applying user information in the definition

of software applications. Interviewing, task analysis, and storyboarding are key elements. On

page 98, Carolyn Jones of the Optoelectronics Division discusses the design of light guides for

an array of light-emitting diodes used for selective erasing in electrophotographic copiers. Well-de

fined spots of light have to be formed some distance away from the LEDs, which are one millimeter

apart and emit light in all directions.

R.P. Dolan

Editor

Cover

Not a space station from a science fiction film, but the fractional-N module from HP's Performance

Signal 19. family. For a more conventional view, see Fig. 8 on page 19.

What's Ahead

The HP Starbase Graphics Library is a high-performance 2D and 3D graphics library that runs

on HP December Computers under the HP-UX operating system. In the December issue, six articles

will describe the Starbase/X1 1 Merge System, which enables Starbase applications and X Window

Systemâ„¢ applications to coexist in the same window system. There will be two papers on aspects

of the HP 9000 Series 300/800 Turbo SRX graphics subsystemâ€” one on the radiosity method of

global graphics modeling and one on the custom VLSI chips used in the graphics pipeline. HP

Source Reader, a CD-ROM system that gives HP support engineers fast access to HP 3000

Computer operating system source code, will be described. The December issue will also contain

the 1989 Index.

OCTOBER 1989 HEWLETT-PACKARD JOURNAL 5

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