Vol.4 Airframes and Systems.pdf

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PREFACE___________________

As the worl d moves toward a single standard for international pilot licensing, many nations have

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(JAR-FCl), the licensing agency of the Joint Aviation Authorities (JAA).

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publication, "JAR-FCl 1 {Aeroplanes)".

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aviation authority to deliver JAA ATPl training . While the formal responsibility to prepare you for

both the skill tests and the ground examinations lies with the FTO , these Jeppesen manu als wi ll

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The next three pages contain a list and content description of all the volumes in the ATPL series.

111

Table o/Contents

CHAPTER 1

Introduction to Structures

Introduction .............. ................... .... ..............................................................................................1-1

Stresses and Strains Th at Affect Aircraft Structures ...................... ........................................................... 1-2

Tension.. ............................................ ............. ................... .......... .... ............................................1-2

Compression ................................................................................................................................... .... .. 1-3

Torsion ................................................................................................................................................... ....1-3

Shear ............... .......................................................................................................................................1-3

Combination Stress .......................... ......................... .................................. ......... ... .......................... 1-4

Hoop Stress ................ ...................................... .... ................. ... ................ 1-4

Axial Stress .................................................................................................................................................1-4

Ela sticity of Material ..................................................................................................................................1-4

Strain Ratio .............................................................................................................................................1-5

Shock Loads. ... ...... ... ......... .............. ............................... ............... ........ .................... ..... 1-5

Fatigue in Materia ls ..... ............... ............................ .............................................1-5

Fatigue Cracking ............... ........................................................... .............................................1-6

Forces that Act on Structures and Materials .......................... ......... ................ ............................................1-7

In Flight.. ..... .......... .................. 1-7

Uft .................................................. .................. ........... .. ... ...................... 1~

Drag .......................................................... ..... ... ........................................................ ................... ... 1-7

Mass....... .......................................... ........................... ...................................................................... 1-7

Weigh!... .................................................................................................. ............. .................................... 1-7

Accelerati on .. ............................. .... ................................................ ............. ...... .................... ... 1-8

Inertia..................................... ........................ ...................................... .................. ...... 1-8

Other Factors for Cons ideration .... ...... ... .. ..........................................................1-8

Airspeed ...................................... ... .... ... .. ...... ............................ .............. ........ 1-8

Temperature ................... .................... ........................................................................................1-8

Altitud e ....... .. ... ............. ................... .............. .. .................. ........................................................................1-8

On the Ground ................... ..... ............ . ......... ..... .................. .......................... 1-8

During Landing.. .........................................................1-8

Friction ............... ....................... ............ ......................................................................1-8

Pressu riza tion ........... ................................................................. ........................ ..............................1-8

Thrust Reversa l ................. ................. ............................ ................................ .............. ..1-9

Braking .... ............................ .................................. ....................... ............................. ........ 1-9

Stationa ry.. ................ ............... .................................................................................. ............... 1-9

Taxii ng ........ ................ ........ ................................ ........................................ ..... 1-9

On Take-Off .. .......................................... ........ ................................... ...................... ............... .. .. .1-9

Desig n Phil oso phy .... ............ ..................................................................................................... .............. 1-9

Parts .... .................... ................... ...................................... ........... ............ .... ..... ................. 1-9

Design Umit Load or DLL ................. ... ............................................................................................1-1 0

Design Ultimate Load or DUL .................................................................................................................1-10

Catastrophic Fai lure ..... ..................... ............................... ............. .... ............ ................. ....... 1-11

Safe Ufe..................................... .. .. ...... ... ............................. .................................................................1-11

Fail Safe Structure ........ ................ .............................................................................. ...... 1-11

Damage Tolerant Structure....................... .................................................................. .................... 1-12

Servici ng Cycle ................................. ..... .... .... .. ................. ............. ............................. ..1-12

Aircraft Construction Materials ........... .............. ..... .......... .......... .. .......... .............................. 1-12

Meta!... ........................... ................................................................................................................ 1-12

Composite Materials ............ .... ..... ................... ........................................ ..........................................1-13

Advantages of Composite Materials ........................................................................................................1-14

Disadvantages of Composite Materials. ...............................................

.............................

... ........ 1-14

Electrical Bonding ................................ .............. ....................................

............. ...... .................... 1-15

Ughtning Strikes..... ................ ................ ..

.....................................................................................1-1 5

A irframes and Systems

v\\

Table o/Contents

CHAPTER 2

Fuselage Structures

Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 2-1

Frame Construction ...................... .............................................. .............................._........................ 2-2

Monocoque Structures ................................. .................................... .................................................. 2-3

Semi-Monocoque Structures ...................................................................................................................... 2-3

Reinforced Shell Structure ....... ................................................. ................ ................. ............ 2-4

Riveting, Bonding , Milling , and Etching ....... .. ................................................................... 2-5

Pressure Bulkhead ............................................. ..................... ........ ...... ................. .. .. 2-5

Cabin Floors .............................................................................................................................................. 2-6

Blow Out Bungs ............. ...................................... .......................................... .. ........................ 2-6

Windows ............ ....... ...... ..... .................. .. ........... .............................. 2-7

Flight Deck Windows ..................... .............. .................. 2-7

Direct Vision Window .............................. ........................................................................................ 2-8

Passenger Cabin Windows.............................. ...................... ....... ............. .. .......... 2-9

Doors for Aircraft Certified Under JAR 23 and 25 ........................................................ ............. .. ........ 2-10

Sealing... ............................ .............................. ................ ........................... .. ............. 2-11

Seat Mounting Support Structure ............................................................................................................. 2- 12

Spar Attachment ...... .................................................. .. .................................................................... 2- 12

Fu selage Shape ............. . ............................................................................................................. 2-13

Th e Jet Engine ........................................................ ...... .................................................................. 2-14

Fuselage Profile and Tricycle Underca rr iag e ....... .. ............................................................................. 2- 14

Tail Bumper............ .................. ............... .................... ...............................................................

.. 2-15

Fuselag e Mounted Eng ine .........

............. ............. .......................... ................................

.. ...... 2-15

CHAPTER 3

Wing Structures

Introduction ...... ............ ......................................................................... ..................................................... 3-1

Biplane.. .. ......................... ...... .................................................................. 3-2

Braced Monoplanes .............. ...... ..................... ......................... ..................................... .. ....... 3-3

Cantileve r Monoplanes .............................................................................................................................. 3-4

Components of Wing Structure .................................................................................................................. 3-4

Stringers .............................. .............................. ......................................... ........................ ....... ....... 3-5

Ribs ... ..................................................... .............................................................. .................... ....... 3-6

~ffi.......................... ..................................................... ............. ~

Torsion Box .......... .. ............................. ............. .. ...................................................... ............... 3-7

Modern Wing Design...................................... ........................................................... ........... 3-8

Wing Loading ............................................................................................................................................ 3-8

Wing Mounted Landing Gear ................. ...................................... ............... .. ........ 3-10

Monoplane Centre Wing Section I Fu selage Section ................................. .. .......... ........ 3-1 0

Wing Location ........ .............................................................................. .................................................. 3-11

Low-Wing.. ...................................... .. .......... ...... ......................... . 3-11

High-Wing . ........................................... ............................... .. ....... 3-12

Mid-Wing ..... .............. ...... .......... .................... ..................................... ................. .. .............. 3-1 2

Hip-Wing ...................................................................................................................................... 3-13

Fairing Panels........ ................................................................ ........................ ............................ 3-1 3

Dihedral Angle....................................................................................................................................... 3-14

Anhedral Angle ...................... ............... .............................................. .. ............................................ 3-14

Sweep Back Angle .... ................. ........................................... ................................. .. ........................ 3-14

Wash Out................. ................... .................................. ............ .................. .... .................. .. .... 3- 15

Wing Ti ps and Winglets ............................................................................................................................ 3-1 5

Wi ng Tip Vorte x....................................................................................................................................... 3-15

High Aspect Ratio and Elli ptical Wings ................ ............ ........................................................................ 3-1 6

Modified Tip Caps. .......................................................................... ..................... .. ............... 3-16

Ti p Tanks ................................................. .. ............................................................................... .... 3-17

Wing lets ........... ........................................................ ......................................................... ............... 3-18

Wing Mounted Engines .......................................................................................................................... 3-20

Eng ine Chine I Strake . ........................................................................

. ....................................... 3-21

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Airframes and Systems

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