A History of Light and Colour Measurement, Science in the Shadows - Johnston.pdf

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A History of Light and Colour
Measurement
Science in the Shadows
A History of Light and Colour
Measurement
Science in the Shadows
Sean F Johnston
University of Glasgow, Crichton Campus, UK
Institute of Physics Publishing
Bristol and Philadelphia
19192172.001.png
c
IOP Publishing Ltd 2001
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored
in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission
of the publisher. Multiple copying is permitted in accordance with the terms
of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency under the terms of its
agreement with the Committee of Vice-Chancellors and Principals.
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN 0 7503 0754 4
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data are available
Commissioning Editor: James Revill
Production Editor: Simon Laurenson
Production Control: Sarah Plenty
Cover Design: Frederique Swist
Marketing Executive: Laura Serratrice
Published by Institute of Physics Publishing, wholly owned by The Institute of
Physics, London
Institute of Physics Publishing, Dirac House, Temple Back, Bristol BS1 6BE, UK
US Office: Institute of Physics Publishing, The Public Ledger Building, Suite
1035, 150 South Independence Mall West, Philadelphia, PA 19106, USA
Typeset in the UK by Text 2 Text, Torquay, Devon
Printed in the UK by MPG Books Ltd, Bodmin, Cornwall
CONTENTS
PREFACE
ix
1 INTRODUCTION: MAKING LIGHT COUNT
1
1.1 Organization of chapters
4
1.2 Terms
9
Notes
10
2 LIGHT AS A LAW-ABIDING QUANTITY
12
2.1 Beginnings
12
2.2 A lawless frontier
18
2.2.1 Photography: juggling variables
20
2.2.2 Astronomy: isolated forays
21
2.3 Techniques of visual photometry
22
2.3.1 Qualitative methods
22
2.3.2 Comparative methods
22
2.3.3 Physical methods
24
2.4 Studies of radiant heat
24
2.5 Describing colour
26
Notes
28
3 SEEING THINGS
33
3.1 Recurring themes
34
3.2 Altered perceptions
36
3.2.1 Astrophysics and the scientific measurement of light
37
3.2.2 Spectroscopy
41
3.2.3 Shifting standards: gas and electrotechnical photometry
42
3.2.4 Utilitarian connections
43
3.3 The 19th-century photometer
49
3.4 Prejudice and temptation: the problems in judging intensity
53
3.5 Quantifying light: n-rays versus blackbody radiation
58
Notes
64
4 CAREERS IN THE SHADOWS
72
4.1 Amateurs and independent research
72
4.2 The illuminating engineers
75
4.3 Optical societies
86
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