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Scalesthataren’tMajoror
Minor
Version1.1:2003/10/2015:58:39.048GMT-5
CatherineSchmidt-Jones
ThisworkisproducedbyTheConnexionsProjectandlicensedunderthe
CreativeCommonsAttributionLicense
Abstract
Dierentmusicaltraditionsusedierentscales.ModernWesternmusicusesmajor
andminorscales.Scalesfromothertraditionsincludethepentatonicscale,bluesscale,
andthemedievalchurchmodes.
Scalesthataren’tMajororMinor
1Introduction
Sounds-ordinary,everyday”noises”-comeineveryconceivablepitch
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andgroupsof
pitches.Infact,theessenceofnoise,”whitenoise”,isbasicallyeverypitchatonce,sothat
noparticularpitchisheard.
Oneofthethingsthatmakesmusicpleasanttohearandeasyto”understand”isthat
onlyafewofallthepossiblepitchesareused.Butnotallpiecesofmusicusethesameset
ofpitches.Inordertobefamiliarwiththeparticularnotesthatapieceofmusicmightuse,
musiciansstudyscales.
Thesetofpitchesthatapieceofmusicusescanbearrangedintoascale.Inascale,
thepitchesareusuallyarrangedfromlowesttohighest(orhighesttolowest),inapattern
thatusuallyrepeatswithineveryoctave
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.
Thesetofnotesthatareused,andtheirrelationshipstoeachother,makesabigimpact
onhowmusicsounds.Forexample,forcenturies,Westernmusic
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hasbeenbasedonmajor
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andminorscales
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.ThatisoneofthethingsthatmakesitinstantlyrecognizableasWestern
music.TraditionalmusicfromeasternAsia,ontheotherhand,wasformanycenturies
basedonapentatonicscale,givingitamuchdierentflavorthatisalsoeasytorecognize.
Someofthemorecommonlyusedscalesthatarenotmajororminorareintroduced
here.ThepentatonicscaleisusuallyassociatedwitheasternAsia,butmanyothermusic
traditionsalsouseit.Thebluesscale,usedinblues,jazz,andotherAfrican-American
traditions,isaresultofacompromisebetweenEuropeanandAfricanscales.Manyofthe
scalesthatarelabelled”exotic”aretakenfromthemusicaltraditionsofeasternEurope,
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/1.0
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ChromaticScale
Figure1
WholeToneScale
Figure2
theMiddleEast,andwesternAsia.Microtonescanbefoundinsometraditionalmusics(for
example,Indianclassicalmusic)andinmodernclassicalmusic.
Note:Somemusictraditions,suchasIndianandmedievalEuropean,usemodes
orragas,whicharenotquitethesameasscales.PleaseseeModesandRagas.
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2ScalesandWesternMusic
TheWesternmusicaltraditionthatdevelopedinEuropeafterthemiddleagesisbasedon
majorandminorscales,butthereareotherscalesthatareapartofthistradition.
Inthechromaticscale,allintervalsareahalfstep
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.Thisgivesallthesharp,flat,and
naturalnotescommonlyusedinallWesternmusic.Younginstrumentalistsareencourages
topracticeplayingthechromaticscaleinordertoensurethattheyknowthefingeringsfor
allthenotes.Listentoachromaticscale
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.
Inawholetonescale,alltheintervalsareawholestep.Inboththechromaticand
thewholetonescales,alltheintervalsarethesame.Thisresultsinscalesthathaveno
tonalcenter
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;nonotefeelsmoreorlessimportantthantheothers.Becauseofthis,most
traditionalandpopularWesternmusicusesmajororminorscalesratherthanthechromatic
orwholetonescales.Butcomposerswhodon’twanttheirmusictohaveatonalcenter(for
example,manycomposersof”modernclassical”music)oftenusethesescales.Listentoa
wholetonescale
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.
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chromatic.mid
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WholeTone.mid
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Figure3
3PentatonicScales
InWesternmusic,thereareelevenpitcheswithineachoctave
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.(Thetwelfthnotestarts
thenextoctave.)Butinatonalpieceofmusiconlysevenofthesenotes,thesevennotesof
amajororminorscale,areusedoften.
Inapentatonicscale,onlyfiveofthepossiblepitcheswithinanoctaveareused.(So
thescalewillrepeatstartingatthesixthtone.)Themostfamiliarpentatonicscaleisthe
onethatisusedinmuchofthemusicofeasternAsia.Youmaybefamiliarwiththisscale
asthescalethatisproducedwhenyouplayallthe”blackkeys”onapianokeyboard.
Listentotheblackkeypentatonicscale
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.Likeotherscales,thispentatonicscaleis
transposable
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;youcanmovetheentirescaleupordownbyahalfsteporamajorthird
oranyinterval
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youlike.Thescalewillsoundhigherorlower,butotherthanthatitwill
soundthesame,becausethepatternofintervalsbetweenthenotes(halfsteps,wholesteps,
andminorthirds)isthesame.(Formoreonintervals,seeHalfStepsandWholeSteps
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and
Interval
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.Formoreonpatternsofintervalswithinscales,seeMajorScales
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andMinor
Scales
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.)Nowlistentoatransposedpentatonicscale
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.
Butthisisnottheonlypossibletypeofpentatonicscale.Anyscalethatusesonlyfive
noteswithinoneoctaveisapentatonicscale.Thefollowingpentatonicscale,forexample,is
notsimplyanothertranspositionofthe”blackkey”pentatonicscale;thepatternofintervals
betweenthenotesisdierent.Listentothisdierentpentatonicscale
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.
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pentatonic1.mid
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pentatonic2.mid
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penta3.mid
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Figure4
Figure5
4DividingtheOctave,MoreorLess
Anyscalewilllistacertainnumberofnoteswithinanoctave.Formajorandminorscales,
therearesevennotes;forpentatonic,five;forachromaticscale;eleven.Althoughsome
divisionsaremorecommonthanothers,anydivisioncanbeimagined,andmanyareused
indierentmusicaltraditionsaroundtheworld.Forexample,theclassicalmusicofIndia
dividesanoctaveintotwenty-twodierentnotes.AndtherearesometraditionsinAfrica
thatusesixoreightnoteswithinanoctave.Listentoonepossibleeight-tone,oroctatonic
scale
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.
ManyNon-Westerntraditions,besidesusingdierentscales,alsousedierenttuning
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Octatonic.mid
AnOctatonicScale
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Figure7
systems
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;theintervalsinthescalesmayinvolvequartertones(ahalfofahalfstep),for
example,orotherintervalswedon’tuse.Eventryingtowritetheminstandardnotation
canbeabitmisleading.
Microtonesareintervalssmallerthanahalfstep.Besidesbeingnecessarytodescribe
thescalesandtuningsystemsofmanyNon-Westerntraditions,theyhavealsobeenusedin
modernWesternclassicalmusic,andarealsousedinAfrican-Americantraditionssuchas
jazzandblues.
5TheBluesScale
Thebluesscaleiscloselyrelatedtothepentatonicscale.Rearrangethepentatonicscalein
figure4abovesothatitbeginsontheC,andaddanFsharpinbetweentheFandG,and
youhaveacommonlyusedversionofthebluesscale.Listentothisbluesscale
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.
6ModesandRagas
Manymusictraditionsdonotusescales.ThemostfamiliarofthesetotheWestern
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listener
aremedievalchantandtheclassicalmusicofIndia.Intheseandothermodaltraditions,
therulesforconstructingapieceofmusicarequitedierentthantherulesformusicthat
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BlueScale.mid
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