The Preparatory Manual of Explosives.pdf

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Code 10982 2001 Preparative Handbook Of
THE PREPARATORY MANUAL OF
EXPLOSIVES
A LABORATORY MANUAL
Jared B. Ledgard, A.A.S., B.S., M.A.
Organic chemist, Inventor
Seattle, Washington USA
i
Contents
Section I:
Introduction
page 1
Chapter 1
page 1
Chemical bonding: oxidation states
page 1
Ionic compounds and ionic bonds
page 2
Covalent compounds and covalent bonds
page 3
Understanding chemical structures and formulas
page 4
Chemical reactions
page 6
Language of chemistry
page 6
Conversion factors
page 7
Section II:
Tutorial
page 9
Chapter 2
page 9
Lab safety
page 9
Laboratory equipment
page 10
Methods of heating
page 11
Methods of cooling
page 13
Extraction
page 15
Recrystallization, product recovery, and filtration
page 17
Washing liquid and solids
page 20
Drying agents, and drying liquids
page 21
Distillation
page 22
Final lesson: A tutorial on explosives
page 24
The dynamics of detonation
page 25
Detonation verses deflagration and combustion
page 26
Primary, and secondary explosives
page 27
Initiation of explosives
page 28
The power of explosives
page 29
The physical effects of explosives
page 30
Section III:
Chemical reagents, intermediates, and solvents
page 32
Chapter 3
page 32
Section IV:
Explosives and explosive compositions
page 65
Chapter 4: The preparation of metal azide, fulminates,
and nitrides
page 66
4-01. AZ AZ Ammonium azide
page 66
4-02. CZ Cupric azide
page 67
CZ rim fire composition
page 68
4-03. SZ Silver azide
page 68
4-04. MZ Mercury azide
page 69
4-05. LZ Lead azide
page 70
4-06. Mercury fulminate
page 71
Priming mixture
page 72
Gunpowder
page 72
Rim fire composition
page 72
Rim fire composition
page 72
Initiating mixture
page 73
4-07. Silver fulminate
page 73
Priming mixture
page 74
4-08. Copper fulminate
page 74
4-09. Silver nitride
page 75
4-10. Mercury nitride
page 75
4-11. Sulfur nitride
page 77
Chapter 5: Preparation of Azides and azo nitros
page80
5-01. BDPF Bis(1,3-diazido-2-propyl)formal
page 80
ii
CONTENTS
5-02. TETRAZIDE Isocyanogen tetraazide
page 82
5-03. TAEN Triazoethanol nitrate
page 83
TAEN dynamite composition
page 84
5-04. AZIDOETHYL Tris(2-azidoethyl)amine
page 84
5-05. DANP 1,3-Diazido-2-nitrazapropane
page 86
DANP explosive composition
page 88
5-06. DIANP 1,5-diazido-3-nitraza pentane
page 89
DIANP propellant
page 90
5-07. Diazodinitrophenol 4,6,-Dinitro-2-diazophenol
page 91
5-08. HNTCAB Hexanitrotetrachloroazobenzene;
2,4,6,2',4',6'-Hexanitro-3,5,3',5'-
tetrachloroazobenzene
page 94
5-09. DNAT 1,1'-dinitro-3,3'-azo-1,2,4-triazole
page 96
5-10. ADNB 4-Azido-4,4-dintro-1-butyl acetate
page 98
5-11. ADBN. 4-Azido-4,4-dintro-1-butyl nitrate
page 100
Chapter 6: The preparation of aza/oxa nitramines
page 103
6-01. TNTC. 2,4,6-trinitro-2,4,6-triazacyclohexanone
page 103
Azadine explosive composition
page 105
TNTC plastic explosive
page 105
6-02. DDD. 5,7-dinitro-5,7-diaza-1,3-dioxabicyclo[3:3:0]
octan-2-one page 105
DDD composition page 107
6-03. TEX. 4,10-dinitro-2,6,8-12-tetraoxa-4,10-diazatetracyclo-
[5.5.0.05,903,11]-dodecane page 107
6-04. DNFA-P. 1,4-dinitrofurazano[3,4-b]piperazine page 110
Chapter 7: The preparation of cyclic nitramines page 113
7-01. RDX. Cyclonite; Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine;
1,3,5-trinitrohexahydro-s-triazine;
cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine
page 113
Composition B
page 118
RDX explosive composition
page 119
PBX explosive composition
page 119
RDX high performance rocket propellant
page 119
C3 plastic explosive
page 120
C4 plastic explosive
page 120
RDX explosive munitions
page 121
7-02. Solex. 1-(N)-acetyl-3,5,7-trinitro-cyclotetramethylene
Tetramine
page 123
Solex explosive composition
page 124
7-03. HMX. Octogen; 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-
tetraazacyclooctane; alpha-HMX and beta-HMX page 124
HMX gun propellant page 128
HMX explosive page 128
HMX plastic explosive page 128
PBX B HMX explosive composition page 129
HMX explosive page 129
7-04. NINHT. 2-nitroimino-5-nitro-hexahydro-1,3,5-triazine page 129
7-05. TNAD. 1,4,5,8-Tetranitro-1,4,5,8-tetraazadecalin
page 131
7-06. DPT. 1,5-methylene-3,7-dinitro-1,3,5,7-
tetraazacyclooctane
page 134
Chapter 8: The preparation of nitramines
page 136
8-01. DITN. Diisopropylamine trinitrate
page 136
8-02. DMMD. 2,4-dinitro-2,4-diazapentane
page 137
8-03. Tetryl. Nitramine; N-methyl-N,2,4,6-
tetranitrobenzenamine
page 139
Tetry explosive booster compostion
page 141
8-04. MNA. Methylnitramine
page 141
8-05. Methylene dinitramine
page 144
8-06. HNIW. 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-
iii
CONTENTS
Hexaazaisowurtzitane
page 146
Chapter 9: The preparation of nitramines
page 151
9-01. ADN. Ammonium dinitramide
page 151
9-02. KDN. Potassium dinitramide
page 154
Chapter 10: The preparation of amino nitro benzenes
page 158
10-01.Tetraniline. Tetranitro aniline
page 158
Tetraniline explosive
page 160
10-02. TATB. 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene
page 160
RDX/TATB booster composition
page 164
TAT TATB/TNT explosive composition
page 164
10-03. DATB. 1,3-diamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene
page 165
10-04. DATBA. 5-Carboxy-1,3-diamino-2,4,6-
trinitrobenzene page 167
10-05. A-NPNT. 4-amino-N,2,3,5,6-pentanitrotoluene page 169
10-06. UDTNB. 5-ureido-1,3-diamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene page 171
10-07. DNPU. 2,4-dinitrophenylurea page 174
10-08. ADNBF. 7-amino-4,6-dinitrobenzofuroxan page 176
10-09. TNPU. N,N'-bis(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)urea page 177
Chapter 11: The preparation of nitro benzenes page 180
11-01. TNT. 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene; trinitrotoluene page 180
Composition A1 page 185
TNT blasting composition page 186
TNT wax composition page 186
Hexotonal RDX/TNT explosive composition page 187
Octol explosive composition page 187
TNT explosive munitions page 187
11-02. F-TNB. 1,3,5-trifluoro-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene page 188
11-03. TCTNB. Trichlorotrinitrobenzene; 1,3,5-trichloro-2,4,6-
Trinitrobenzene
page 190
11-04. Picryl Chloride. 1-chloro-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene
page 191
11-05. TNBCl. Trinitrobenzylchloride
page 192
Chapter 12: The preparation of poly nitro benzenes
page 194
12-01. HNB. Hexanitrobibenzyl; 2,2', 4,4', 6,6'-
hexanitrobibenzyl page 194
12-02. HNS. Hexanitrostilbene page 195
12-03. TNTPB. 1,3,5-trinitro-2,4,6-tripicrylbenzene page 198
12-04. PNT. 2,3,4,5,6-pentanitrotoluene page 200
12-05. HNBP. Hexanitrobiphenyl page 202
12-06. Hexaditon. 2,2',4,4',6,6'-hexanitrodiphenylmethane page 203
12-07. TNN. Nitronaphthalene; 1,3,6,8-tetranitronaphthalene page 205
Chapter 13: The preparation of nitrate esters page 209
13-01. EDT. N,N'-di-(2-ethanol)ethylenediamine tetranitrate page 209
13-02. Nitrocellulose. Nitrated cellulose; Gun cotton
page 212
Gun propellant
page 219
Gun propellant
page 219
Smokeless powder
page 219
Blasting powder
page 220
Blasting powder
page 220
13-03. ETN. Erythritol tetranitrate
page 220
13-04. PEN. Pentaerythritol trinitrate
page 221
13-05. PETN. Pentaerythritol tetranitrate; 2,2-Bis[(nitrooxy)-
methyl]-1,3-propanediol dinitrate
page 225
Blasting explosive
page 229
PETN bonded explosive
page 229
PETN propellant charge
page 229
Pentolite PETN composition
page 229
Semtex PETN explosive
page 229
PETN explosive munitions
page 230
13-06. NQ. Nitroglycerine
page 230
iv
CONTENTS
HESP high-energy smokeless powder
page 232
Dynamite
page 233
13-07. Nitro starch. Nitrated cornstarch
page 233
Nitro starch explosive composition
page 234
13-08. EGDN. Ethylene glycol dinitrate
page 234
13-09. Metriol.
page 235
13-10. Nitropropylene. PGDN. Propylene glycol dinitrate
page 237
Chapter 14: The preparation of polyhydric nitrate esters
page 240
14-01. Hexanitrate. Sorbitol hexanitrate
page 240
14-02. Quebrachitol nitrate. Monomethyl
cyclohexanepentanitrate page 241
14-03. Inositol nitrate. Inositol hexanitrate page 243
14-04. MGP. N-Methyl gluconamide pentanitrate page 245
14-05. MON. Maltose octanitrate page 246
14-06. MX. Nitromannite; page 248
14-07. PVN. Polyvinylnitrate page 250
Chapter 15: The preparation of nitrate ester nitramines page 253
15-01. NMHAN. N-Nitro-N-methylhydroxy acetamidenitrate page 253
15-02. DINA. Dinitroxydiethylnitramine
page 254
15-03. DNAN. Dinitroxydiethylamine nitrate
page 259
15-04. NENA. N-(2-Nitroxyethyl)nitramine
page 261
15-05. Silver NENA. N-(2-Nitroxyethyl) nitramine,
silver salt
page 263
Chapter 16: The preparation of nitro triazoles
page 265
16-01. NTA. 3,5-Dintro-1,2,4-triazole
page 265
16-02. MNTA. 1-Methyl-3,5-dinitro-1,2,4-triazole
page 267
16-03. CDNTA. 3,5-Dinitro-1,2,4-triazole-copper salt
page 269
16-04. NTO. 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one
page 271
16-05. 5-NDTT. 5-nitro-2(3,5-diamino-2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)-
1,2,4-triazole
page 272
Chapter 17: The preparation of nitro tetrazoles
page 276
17-01. SATP. di-Silver aminotetrazole perchlorate
page 276
17-02. CNTA. Copper salt of 5-nitrotetrazole
page 277
CNTA priming mixture
page 280
17-03. HGNTA. Mercury nitrotetrazole
page 280
HGNTA priming mixture
page 282
17-04. LNTA. Lead nitrotetrazole, basic salt
page 282
17-05. TADA. 5,5'-bi-1H-tetrazole diammonium salt
page 284
Chapter 18: The preparation of nitro phenyls
page 287
18-01. TPG. 2,4,6-trinitrophloroglucinol
page 287
18-02. DNP. 2,4-Dinitrophenol
page 288
Phenolene explosive composition
page 290
18-03. DNR. 4,6-dinitroresorcinol
page 290
18-04. Picric Acid. 2,4,6-trinitrophenol
page 291
Pentotal explosive composition
page 294
18-05. Styphnic Acid. 2,4,6-trinitro-1,3-benzenediol
page 294
18-06. Picramic acid. 2-amino-4,6-dinitrophenol
page 296
18-07. Methylpicric acid. 2,4,6-trinitro-3-methylphenol
page 298
Explosive composition
page 299
18-08. TA. Trinitroanisole
page 300
Chapter 19: The preparation of nitro phenyl salts
page 302
19-01. Lead-TNP. Trinitrophloroglucinol lead salt
page 302
Lead-TNP ignition/initiating mixture
page 303
19-02. Barium Styphnate
page 304
19-03. Lead Styphnate. 2,4,6-trinitro-lead-II-resorcinate
page 305
19-04. Ammonium Picramate. Ammonium 2-amino-4,6-
dinitrophenolate; Ammonium-2-amino-4,6-dinitropicrate
page 308
19-05. AP. Ammonium Picrate
page 310
19-06. Lead Picrate. 2,4,6-Trinitro-lead-phenolate basic
page 311
v

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